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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This report describes a new quantitative technique for evaluating monocyte chemotaxis to a site of superficial epidermal abrasion. Micro-acrylic chambers containing 50% Zymosan activated autologous serum were separated from a 5-mm diameter epidermal abrasion by 2 Nucleopore filters which entrapped migrating monocytes but allowed free neutrophil migration. Monocytes were specifically identified by alpha napthyl acetate esterase activity. Monocytes accumulated within the filters by 4 hr and maximized at 16 and 20 hr. This technique is superior to previous skin chamber techniques in the high yield of monocytes and in specific histochemical identification of monocytes. In contrast to the Rebuck window, it does not generate attractants and has greater reproducibility. This technique will be useful in the study of diseases characterized by monocytic infiltrates, in contrasting the function of peripheral blood monocytes to those available in the skin, and in testing the effects of drugs, immunodeficiency and infection on monocyte function in vivo.
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PMID:Human monocyte chemotaxis: a quantitative in vivo technique. 37 Mar 15

Lymphocytes from patients with primary immunodeficiency were tested histochemically for ecto 5'-nucleotidase (5'N) and alpha-naphthyl (non-specific) esterase. More than half the patients with 'common variable' hypogammaglobulinaemia, all those with X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia and some of those with selective IgA deficiency had a very low percentage of lymphocytes staining for 5'N as compared to controls. A lack of B cells probably explains the finding in X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia, but does not fully explain the results in the other groups. Most patients with 'common variable' hypogammaglobulinaemia had a very low percentage of lymphocytes with granular staining for alpha-naphthyl (non-specific) esterase in contrast to normal numbers in those with X-linked hypogammaglobulinaemia and most of those with selective IgA deficiency. Granules containing non-specific esterase are characteristically found in 'mature' T lymphocytes. The enzyme abnormalities in the T and B cells of 'common variable' hypogammaglobulinaemic patients could be explained by 'immature' cell types.
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PMID:Histochemical studies for 5'-nucleotidase and alpha-naphthyl (non-specific) esterase in lymphocytes from patients with primary immunoglobulin deficiencies. 46 56

We have used the human myelomonocytic cell line HL-60 as a model system to determine whether human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection affects differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells. HL-60 cells were infected with three HIV-1 isolates (IIIB, NL4-3 and PM213). HIV-1 antigen expression and cytopathicity in HL-60 cells infected with each of the three isolates was delayed by approximately 15 days as compared to those in the prototypic T cell line, H9. Chronically infected HL-60 cells and clonal lines derived from them were treated with dimethyl formamide (DMF) and induced to differentiate into granulocytes. Approximately the same percentage of these cells as of DMF-treated, uninfected HL-60 cells differentiated. Superoxide production by infected and uninfected DMF-induced cells was similar. Likewise, approximately the same percentage of cells in infected and uninfected cultures became adherent and were positive for non-specific esterase when monocytic differentiation was induced. The data demonstrate that HL-60 cells infected with HIV-1 are capable of morphological and functional granulocytic and monocytic differentiation.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected HL-60 cells are capable of both monocytic and granulocytic differentiation. 146 65

In 34 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection at the asymptomatic stage and 29 patients with chronic viral hepatitis B at the period of exacerbation (of these 14 patients had chronic persistent hepatitis and 15 patients had chronic active hepatitis) the complex study of the functional activity of lymphocytes and neutrophils was carried out by cytochemical methods with the simultaneous determination of the content of immunoregulating lymphocyte subpopulations. In patients with chronic active hepatitis a decrease in the percentage and the absolute number of helper T-lymphocytes and the ratio of CD4/8 in comparison with those in patients with HIV infection were revealed. At the same time patients with HIV infection exhibited more pronounced decrease in the activity of all lymphocytic enzymes under study (neutrophil esterase, acidic phosphatase and succinate dehydrogenase in lymphocytes), as well as in the activity of myeloperoxidase and the content of cation proteins and glycogen in neutrophils in comparison with patients having chronic active hepatitis.
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PMID:[The comparative characteristics of the indices of lymphocyte and neutrophil functional activity in patients with HIV infection and chronic viral hepatitis B]. 167 92

Neuropathological studies have shown that human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells within the brain express several markers characteristic of macrophages and could either be microglial cells, or monocytes invading the CNS, or both. To better define the target cells of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 within the brain, we have studied human microglial cells, both in vivo and in vitro, and compared them to monocytes for their antigenic markers and their susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Brain-derived macrophages were isolated from primary cortical and spinal cord cultures obtained from 8 to 12-week-old human embryos. The isolated cells presented esterase activity, phagocyted zymosan particles, expressed several (Fc receptors, and CD68/Ki-M7 and CD11b/CR3 receptors) of the macrophagic antigenic markers, and appeared to be resident microglial cells from human embryonic brain. Conversely, brain-derived macrophages did not express antigens CD4, CD14, or CD68/Ki-M6, which are easily detected on freshly isolated monocytes. Using these antigenic differences between isolated microglial cells and monocytes, we have observed that two populations of macrophages could be individualized. In the normal adult brain, microglial cells were numerous in both the gray and the white matter. The infrequent cells sharing antigens with monocytes were found almost exclusively around vessels. In 8 to 12-week-old human embryos, microglial cells were found in both the parenchyma and the germinative layer. Cells sharing antigens with monocytes were only found at the top of and inside the germinative layer. In brain tissue from patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 encephalitis, cells sharing antigens with monocytes are abundant not only around the vessels but also in the parenchyma. In double-labeling experiments, human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells showed monocyte antigens. Finally, microglial cells also differ from monocytes in their in vitro susceptibility to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection; after stimulation by r-TNF alpha or GmCSF, monocytes but not microglial cells can replicate human immunodeficiency virus type 1. This in vitro difference in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 susceptibility between monocytes and microglial cells together with the presence of monocytic antigens within the brain tissue of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients suggest that human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected cells within the brain are either monocytes that have crossed the blood-brain barrier and spread through the tissue or perivascular microglial cells that, after phagocyting infected blood lymphocytes, subsequently contain viral antigen and migrate to brain tissue.
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PMID:Human microglial cells: characterization in cerebral tissue and in primary culture, and study of their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. 170 49

The resting human microglia have previously been shown to be cells of dendritic morphology expressing class II MHC antigens and macrophage specific antigens by immunocytochemical techniques. To examine the relationship between the microglia and the family of dendritic antigen presenting cells (APC), normal white matter from eight normal adults with no neurological disease at autopsy was examined by immunocytochemical techniques to localize antibodies to leukocyte common antigen (LCA), HLA-DR, CD1 (T6), CD4 (T4), and glial fibrillary acidic protein. In addition, enzyme histochemical staining for ATPase, non-specific esterase (NSE), and acid phosphatase (ACP) was performed. The normal microglia are ATPase +ve, NSE -ve, ACP -ve, HLA-DR +ve, LCA +ve, CD1 (T6) +ve and weakly CD4 (T4) +ve. This specialized phenotype closely resembles that of Langerhans cells and suggests that microglia are not simply quiescent phagocytes, but may have a primary role as microenvironmentally specialized APC. The finding of weak anti-CD4 (T4) immunoreactivity supports suggestions for a central role for this cell in infection of the central nervous system by human immunodeficiency virus type 1.
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PMID:Microglial cells in human brain have phenotypic characteristics related to possible function as dendritic antigen presenting cells. 253 Mar 24

We isolated normal, nonactivated human monocytes from peripheral blood by four different methods: (1) rosetting with sheep erythrocytes pretreated with 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide hydrobromide (AET) followed by monoclonal antibody (OKT3 (CD3), B1 (CD19), Leu7, Leu11 (CD16] and complement treatment; (2) adherence to gelatin/plasma-coated flasks; (3) adherence to plastic dishes; and (4) separation by the Sepracell technique. We monitored these monocyte separations by determining cell recoveries, OKT4A+ lymphocyte contamination, monocyte binding to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), number of non-specific esterase-positive cells, and proportion of mononuclear cells reactive with a battery of monoclonal antibodies specific for monocytes. Our results indicate that of the four methods compared, adherence to gelatin/plasma-coated flasks produced the highest purity, recovery, and satisfactory binding to HIV with the fewest contaminating CD4+ T cells.
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PMID:Comparison of monocyte separation methods using flow cytometric analysis. 257 16

We studied the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection on the surface-marker expression of the human promonocytic cell line U937. U937 cells persistently produced HIV as detected by reverse transcriptase activity in culture supernatant. Expression of HLA class II antigens on U937/HIV cells was decreased 2- to 10-fold, depending on the Mab used. Class II expression of U937/HIV cells increased approximately two-fold by treatment with r-interferon-gamma. Whereas noninfected U937 cells expressed moderate amounts of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) (CD11a) and minimal amounts of the C3bi receptor (CD11b) and p150/95 (CD11c), U937/HIV cells expressed moderate amounts of C3bi receptor and p150/95 and showed elevated expression of LFA-1 alpha (CD11a) and -beta (CD18) chains. Expression of these adhesion molecules resulted in strongly enhanced phorbolester-induced aggregation of U937/HIV cells compared with the noninfected U937 cells. In addition, almost all U937/HIV cells, but not noninfected U937 cells, intensely stained for cytoplasmic nonspecific esterase activity. The effects of HIV infection on U937 cells strikingly resemble the effects of differentiation-inducing agents, such as PMA and DMSO, on the U937 phenotype. Our finding suggests that HIV infection, apart from down regulating class II expression, induces differentiation of U937 cells.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection down-regulates HLA class II expression and induces differentiation in promonocytic U937 cells. 310 23

Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in lyophilised small pool cryoprecipitate, factor VIII concentrate, prothrombin complex and C1-esterase inhibitor concentrate by prolonged heat treatment (72 h, 60 degrees C) was studied. Plasma products, inoculated prior to lyophilisation, had infectious titres ranging from 10(7) to 10(10.5). Residual infectivity (TCID50) was assessed by multiple titrations on H9 cells in a macro system and subsequent detection of virus replication by determining reverse transcriptase activity. Kinetics of inactivation showed a biphasic pattern: during the first 8 h a variable TCID50 reduction up to 10(4.3) was observed, followed by an additional loss of 10(1)-10(2.7) during the next 64 h. Heat treatment for 72 h resulted in a mean TCID50 reduction of 10(5). It is concluded that prolonged heat treatment may lead to the adequate prevention of HIV transmission by lyophilised plasma products.
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PMID:Thermal inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus in lyophilised blood products evaluated by ID50 titrations. 364 79

Histologic, histochemical, and histoenzymatic investigations of nine cases of Omenn's disease showed generalized lymphoid depletion, including B cells and all T-cell subpopulations; an apparent proliferation of alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase-, acid phosphatase-, OKM1-positive macrophages and T6 interdigitating cells; a thymic hypoplasia with arrest of hassallian epithelial maturation; starlike fibrinous deposits in the bone marrow; and extensive cutaneous lesions characterized by hyperkeratosis, apoptotic cell death associated with the intraepidermal presence of T4+ and T8+ cells, localized necrosis of the basement membrane, expression of Ia antigens by malpighian cells, and progressive loss of the T6+ Langerhans' cells. These lesions, mainly the skin and bone marrow changes, are reminiscent of those observed in acute graft versus host reaction. Although a blood chimerism has never been demonstrated, these pathologic observations support the hypothesis of graft versus host disease in a primary cellular immunodeficiency and the persistence of the proliferating maternal cells in the peripheral target organs.
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PMID:Omenn's syndrome--pathologic arguments in favor of a graft versus host pathogenesis: a report of nine cases. 367 86


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