Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

---

Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Integrase (IN) catalyzes the insertion of retroviral DNA into chromosomal DNA of a host cell and is one of three virus-encoded enzymes that are required for replication. A library of monoclonal antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) IN was raised and characterized in our laboratory. Among them, monoclonal antibody (mAb) 33 and mAb32 compete for binding to the C-terminal domain of the HIV-1 IN protein. Here, we show that mAb33 is a strong inhibitor of IN catalytic activity, whereas mAb32 is only weakly inhibitory. Furthermore, as the Fab fragment of mAb32 had no effect on IN activity, inhibition by this mAb may result solely from its bivalency. In contrast, Fab33 did inhibit IN catalytic activity, although bivalent binding by mAb33 may enhance the inhibition. Interaction with Fab33 also prevented DNA binding to the isolated C-terminal domain of IN. Results from size-exclusion chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometric analyses revealed that multiple Fab33 small middle dotIN C-terminal domain complexes exist in solution. Studies using heteronuclear NMR showed a steep decrease in (1)H-(15)N cross-peak intensity for 8 residues in the isolated C-terminal domain upon binding of Fab33, indicating that these residues become immobilized in the complex. Among them, Ala(239) and Ile(251) are buried in the interior of the domain, whereas the remaining residues (Phe(223), Arg(224), Tyr(226), Lys(244), Ile(267), and Ile(268)) form a contiguous, solvent-accessible patch on the surface of the protein likely including the epitope of Fab33. Molecular modeling of Fab33 followed by computer-assisted docking with the IN C-terminal domain suggested a structure for the antibody-antigen complex that is consistent with our experimental data and suggested a potential target for anti-AIDS drug design.
...
PMID:Mapping the epitope of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody to the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of HIV-1 integrase. 1180 85

Integrase can insert retroviral DNA into almost any site in cellular DNA; however, target site preferences are noted in vitro and in vivo. We recently demonstrated that amino acid 119, in the alpha2 helix of the central domain of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase, affected the choice of nonviral target DNA sites. We have now extended these findings to the integrases of a nonprimate lentivirus and a more distantly related alpharetrovirus. We found that substitutions at the analogous positions in visna virus integrase and Rous sarcoma virus integrase changed the target site preferences in five assays that monitor insertion into nonviral DNA. Thus, the importance of this protein residue in the selection of nonviral target DNA sites is likely to be a general property of retroviral integrases. Moreover, this amino acid might be part of the cellular DNA binding site on integrase proteins.
...
PMID:An amino acid in the central catalytic domain of three retroviral integrases that affects target site selection in nonviral DNA. 1261 Jan 59

Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), like other members of the lentivirus subfamily, such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), can infect nondividing and terminally differentiated cells. The transport of the preintegration complex into the nucleus is cell cycle-independent, but the mechanism is not well understood. Integrase is a key component of the complex and has been suggested to play a role in nuclear import during HIV-1 replication. To determine its karyophilic property, FIV integrase fused with glutathione S-transferase and enhanced green fluorescent protein was expressed in various feline and human cells and the subcellular localization was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Wild-type FIV integrase was karyophilic in all cell lines tested and capable of targeting the fusion protein to the nuclei of transfected cells. Analysis of deletion and point mutation variants of FIV integrase failed to reveal any canonical nuclear localization signal, and the karyophilic determinant was mapped to the highly conserved N-terminal zinc-binding HHCC motif. A region near the C-terminal domain enriched with basic amino acid residues also affected the nuclear import of integrase. However, the role of this region is only modulatory in comparison to that of the zinc-binding domain. The N-terminal zinc-binding domain does not bind DNA and instead is essential in integrase multimerization. We therefore postulate that the karyophilic property of FIV integrase requires subunit multimerization promoted by the HHCC motif. Alternatively, the HHCC motif may directly promote interaction between FIV integrase and cellular proteins involved in nuclear import.
...
PMID:Subcellular localization of feline immunodeficiency virus integrase and mapping of its karyophilic determinant. 1266 58

Retroviruses copy their RNA genome into a DNA molecule, but little is known of the structure of the complex mediating reverse transcription in vivo. We used confocal and electron microscopy to study the structure of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) intracellular reverse transcription complexes (RTCs). Cytoplasmic extracts were prepared 3, 4, and 16 h after acute infection by Dounce homogenization in hypotonic buffer. RTCs were purified by velocity sedimentation, followed by density fractionation in linear sucrose gradients and dialysis in a large pore cellulose membrane. RTCs had a sedimentation velocity of approximately 350 S and a density of 1.34 g/ml and were active in an endogenous reverse transcription assay. Double labeling of nucleic acids and viral proteins allowed specific visualization of RTCs by confocal microscopy. Electron microscopy revealed that RTCs are large nucleoprotein structures of variable shape consisting of packed filaments ca. 6 nm thick. Integrase and Vpr are associated with discrete regions of the 6-nm filaments. The nucleic acids within the RTC are coated by small proteins distinct from nucleocapsid and are partially protected from nuclease digestion.
...
PMID:Structural analyses of purified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 intracellular reverse transcription complexes. 1285 88

The integrase enzyme encoded by the human immunodeficiency virus plays an integral role in the viral life cycle, but is as yet unexploited as a clinical drug target. Integrase processes the viral DNA in the cytoplasm, translocates to the nucleus, and catalyzes viral DNA insertion into the host genome. A wide variety of chemical structures inhibit integrase in vitro, yet few of these apparently promising compounds have demonstrated similar efficacy in vivo. Multiple binding targets have been identified for different integrase inhibitors. These targets include the integrase enzyme prior to substrate binding, the viral DNA substrate, and the preintegration complex consisting of oligomeric integrase and the viral DNA. Some known inhibitors are effective only in the presence of divalent manganese as the active site metal ion cofactor, whereas others do not discriminate between manganese and magnesium ions. Integrase inhibition in response to ligand binding at one of multiple sites renders derivation of a simple set of structure activity relationships challenging. Progress toward this goal is reviewed in the context of experimental and theoretical structural information about integrase.
...
PMID:HIV-1 integrase inhibition: binding sites, structure activity relationships and future perspectives. 1287 Nov 6

Integration of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) DNA into the human genome requires the virus-encoded integrase protein. The recombinant integrase protein of HIV-1 (isolate Bru) was prepared by constructing a plasmid based on pET-15b encoding the integrase gene. Integrase of HIV-1 was purified using a bacterial expression system (Escherichia coli). The main kinetic parameters of HIV-1 integrase (K(m) = (3.7 +/- 0.2).10(-10) M, k(cat) = (1.2 +/- 0.3).10(-7 )sec(-1)) were determined using an oligonucleotide duplex constructed on the basis of the U5-terminal sequence of proviral HIV-1 DNA as the substrate. Inhibition of integrase by aurintricarbonic acid ([I](50) = 6.3 +/- 0.4 microM) and dependence of integrase activity on Mg2+ and Mn2+ concentration were studied.
...
PMID:Characterization of recombinant integrase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (isolate Bru). 1460 41

Integrase of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) recognizes specific sequences located in the U3 and U5 regions at the ends of viral DNA. We synthesized DNA duplexes mimicking the U5 region and containing either 2'-aminonucleosides or non-nucleoside 1,3-propanediol insertions at the third and terminal positions and studied their interactions with HIV-1 integrase. Both modifications introduced a local structural distortion in the DNA double helix. Replacement of the terminal nucleosides by corresponding 2'-aminonucleosides had no significant effect on integrase activity. We used an integrase substrate bearing terminal 2'-aminonucleosides in both strands to synthesize a duplex with cross-linked strands. This duplex was then used to determine whether terminal base pair disruption is an obligatory step of retroviral DNA 3'-processing. Processing of the cross-linked analog of the integrase substrate yielded a product of the same length as 3'-processing of the wild-type substrate but the reaction efficiency was lower. Replacement of the third adenosine in the processed strand by a corresponding 2'-aminonucleoside did not affect integrase activity, whereas, its replacement by 1,3-propanediol completely inhibited 3'-processing. Both modifications of the complementary thymidine in the nonprocessed strand increased the initial rate of 3'-processing. The same effect was observed when both nucleosides, at the third position, were replaced by corresponding 2'-aminonucleosides. This indicates that the local duplex distortion facilitated the cleavage of the phosphodiester bond. Thus, a localized destabilization of the third A-T base pair is necessary for efficient 3'-processing, whereas 3'-end-fraying is important but not absolutely required.
...
PMID:HIV-1 integrase can process a 3'-end crosslinked substrate. 1468 33

Integrase function is required for retroviral replication in most instances. Although certain permissive T-cell lines support human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in the absence of functional integrase, most cell lines and primary human cells are nonpermissive for integrase mutant growth. Since unintegrated retroviral DNA is lost from cells following cell division, we investigated whether incorporating a functional origin of DNA replication into integrase mutant HIV-1 might overcome the block to efficient gene expression and replication in nonpermissive T-cell lines and primary cells. Whereas the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) origin (oriP) did little to augment expression from an integrase mutant reporter virus in EBV nuclear antigen 1-expressing cells, simian virus 40 (SV40) oriT dramatically enhanced integrase mutant infectivity in T-antigen (Tag)-expressing cells. Incorporating oriT into the nef position of a full-length, integrase-defective virus strain yielded efficient replication in Tag-expressing nonpermissive Jurkat T cells without reversion to an integration-competent genotype. Adding Tag to integrase mutant-oriT viruses yielded 11.3-kb SV40-HIV chimeras that replicated in Jurkat cells and primary monocyte-derived macrophages. Real-time quantitative PCR analyses of Jurkat cell infections revealed that amplified copies of unintegrated DNA likely contributed to SV40-HIV integrase mutant replication. SV40-based HIV-1 integrase mutant replication in otherwise nonpermissive cells suggests alternative approaches to standard integrase-mediated retroviral gene transfer strategies.
...
PMID:Simian virus 40-based replication of catalytically inactive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase mutants in nonpermissive T cells and monocyte-derived macrophages. 1469 97

Integrase interactor 1 (INI1)/hSNF5 is a host factor that directly interacts with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase and is incorporated into HIV-1 virions. Here, we show that while INI1/hSNF5 is completely absent from purified microvesicular fractions, it is specifically incorporated into HIV-1 virions with an integrase-to-INI1/hSNF5 stoichiometry of approximately 2:1 (molar ratio). In addition, we show that INI1/hSNF5 is not incorporated into related primate lentiviral and murine retroviral particles despite the abundance of the protein in producer cells. We have found that the specificity in incorporation of INI1/hSNF5 into HIV-1 virions is directly correlated with its ability to exclusively interact with HIV-1 integrase but not with other retroviral integrases. This specificity is also reflected in our finding that the transdominant mutant S6, harboring the minimal integrase interaction domain of INI1/hSNF5, blocks HIV-1 particle production but not that of the other retroviruses in 293T cells. Taken together, these results suggest that INI1/hNSF5 is a host factor restricted for HIV-1 and that S6 acts as a highly specific and potent inhibitor of HIV-1 replication.
...
PMID:Specificity of interaction of INI1/hSNF5 with retroviral integrases and its functional significance. 1496 18

Integrase has been implicated in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nuclear import. Integrase analyses, however, can be complicated by the pleiotropic nature of mutations: whereas class I mutants are integration defective, class II mutants display additional assembly and/or reverse transcription defects. We previously determined that HIV-1(V165A), originally reported as defective for nuclear import, was a class II mutant. Here we analyzed mutants containing changes in other putative nuclear localization signals, including (186)KRK(188)/(211)KELQKQITK(219) and Cys-130. Previous work established HIV-1(K186Q), HIV-1(Q214L/Q216L), and HIV-1(C130G) as replication defective, but phenotypic classification was unclear and nuclear import in nondividing cells was not addressed. Consistent with previous reports, most of the bipartite mutants studied here were replication defective. These mutants as well as HIV-1(V165A) synthesized reduced cDNA levels, but a normal fraction of mutant cDNA localized to dividing and nondividing cell nuclei. Somewhat surprisingly, recombinant class II mutant proteins were catalytically active, and class II Vpr-integrase fusion proteins efficiently complemented class I mutant virus. Since a class I Vpr-integrase mutant efficiently complemented class II mutant viruses under conditions in which class II Vpr-integrases failed to function, we conclude that classes I and II define two distinct complementation groups and suggest that class II mutants are primarily defective at a postnuclear entry step of HIV-1 replication. HIV-1(C130G) was also defective for reverse transcription, but Vpr-integrase(C130G) did not efficiently complement class I mutant HIV-1. Since HIV-1(C130A) grew like the wild type, we conclude that Cys-130 is not essential for replication and speculate that perturbation of integrase structure contributed to the pleiotropic HIV-1(C130G) phenotype.
...
PMID:Class II integrase mutants with changes in putative nuclear localization signals are primarily blocked at a postnuclear entry step of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication. 1554 26


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Next >>

---