Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Bloom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by lupus-like erythematous telangiectasias of the face, sun sensitivity, stunted growth, and immunodeficiency. Chromosome instability syndromes have a common feature, being associated at high frequency with neoplasia. BS is considered as one of the chromosome instability syndromes since the fibroblasts or lymphocytes of BS patients show excessive spontaneous chromosome instability. The causative gene of BS (BLM) was identified as a RecQ helicase homologue. In this review, we showed the characteristic phenotypes of BS, especially two Japanese siblings. In the latter of the review, the functional domains of BLM, those are nuclear localization signal and the interacting proteins such as ATM, are shown. Several lines of reports indicates that BLM helicase is involved in the re-initiation of DNA replication at sites where replication forks have arrested or collapsed. To elucidate the precise function of RecQ helicase in DNA repair and replication aims not only to improve our understanding of the molecular basis for tumorigenesis, but also to extend the range of potential therapeutic targets.
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PMID:The function of RecQ helicase gene family (especially BLM) in DNA recombination and joining. 1547 92

Bloom syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by lupus-like erythematous telangiectasias of the face, sun sensitivity, stunted growth, and immunodeficiency. Chromosome instability syndromes have a common feature, being associated at high frequency with neoplasia. BS is considered as one of the chromosome instability syndromes since the fibroblasts or lymphocytes of BS patients show excessive spontaneous chromosome instability. The causative gene of BS (BLM) was identified as a RecQ helicase homologue. In this review, we showed the characteristic phenotypes of BS, especially two Japanese siblings. In the latter of the review, the functional domains of BLM, those are nuclear localization signal and the interacting proteins such as ATM, are shown. Several lines of reports indicates that BLM helicase is involved in the re-initiation of DNA replication at sites where replication forks have arrested or collapsed. To elucidate the precise function of RecQ helicase in DNA repair and replication aims not only to improve our understanding of the molecular basis for tumorigenesis, but also to extend the range of potential therapeutic targets.
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PMID:The function of RecQ helicase gene family (especially BLM) in DNA recombination and joining. 1549 27

Bloom's syndrome (BS) is a rare human genetic disorder characterized by dwarfism, immunodeficiency, genomic instability and cancer predisposition. We have previously purified three complexes containing BLM, the helicase mutated in this disease. Here we demonstrate that BLAP75, a novel protein containing a putative OB-fold nucleic acid binding domain, is an integral component of BLM complexes, and is essential for their stability in vivo. Consistent with a role in BLM-mediated processes, BLAP75 colocalizes with BLM in subnuclear foci in response to DNA damage, and its depletion impairs the recruitment of BLM to these foci. Depletion of BLAP75 by siRNA also results in deficient phosphorylation of BLM during mitosis, as well as defective cell proliferation. Moreover, cells depleted of BLAP75 display an increased level of sister-chromatid exchange, similar to cells depleted of BLM by siRNA. Thus, BLAP75 is an essential component of the BLM-associated cellular machinery that maintains genome integrity.
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PMID:BLAP75, an essential component of Bloom's syndrome protein complexes that maintain genome integrity. 1577 63

Current interferon (IFN)-based therapies for hepatitis C in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be limited by incomplete virological response, lack of adherence, and poor tolerability. Newer therapies for hepatitis C will target viral replication (e.g., HCV serine protease inhibitors, helicase inhibitors, RNA interference, or an HCV polymerase inhibitor). Other treatments will focus on viral translation (e.g., antisense molecules). Additions to IFN therapy that can modulate the immune response (e.g., thymosin, isatorbine, or injectable histamine) may improve tolerability of treatment. There need to be targets that minimize the inflammatory response by the liver (e.g., IFN-gamma). There are some therapeutic vaccines in early development. Drugs to replace or enhance ribavirin are being studied with IFN-based treatments. Strategic treatment trials that address sequencing of HCV and HIV therapy with current and future therapeutic agents and combination therapy need to be undertaken.
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PMID:New drug targets for HIV and hepatitis C virus coinfection. 1626 6

Coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 is common. Rates of liver-related morbidity and mortality have been increasing in the coinfected population, and treatment for HCV infection in this group remains a challenge. The HCV-monoinfected population, especially patients infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3, has benefited dramatically from the advent of treatment with pegylated interferon plus ribavirin; rates of sustained virological response approach 55%. Coinfected patients lag behind, with rates of sustained virological response ranging between 26% and 40%; rates of sustained virological response are even lower among patients infected with HCV genotype 1. It is encouraging, however, that therapies known to be safe for treating monoinfected patients have been proven to be generally safe and well tolerated in patients coinfected with HIV and HCV, as well. Future therapies, some of which are currently in development, will likely include new targets, such as helicase and polymerase. It is hoped that, as more-effective agents are discovered, the disparity in treatment response will diminish.
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PMID:Clinical trials of treatment for hepatitis C virus infection in HIV-infected patients: past, present, and future. 1626 16

Drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are increasing globally, especially in North America. Therefore, it is logical to develop new therapies directed against HIV binding molecules on susceptible host cells in addition to current treatment modalities against virus functions. Inhibition of the viral genome can be achieved by degrading or silencing posttranslational genes using small interfering (si) ribonucleic acids (RNAs) consisting of double-stranded forms of RNA. These siRNAs usually contain 21-23 base pairs (bp) and are highly specific for the nucleotide sequence of the target messenger RNA (mRNA). These siRNAs form a complex with helicase and nuclease enzymes known as "RNA-induced silencing complex" (RISC) that leads to target RNA degradation. Thus, siRNA has become a method of selective destruction of HIV now used by various investigators around the globe. However, given the sequence diversity of the HIV genomes of infected subjects, it is difficult to target a specific HIV sequence. Therefore, targeting nonvariable HIV binding receptors on susceptible cells or other molecules of host cells that are directly or indirectly involved in HIV infections may be an interesting alternative to targeting the virus itself. Thus, the simultaneous use of siRNAs specific for HIV and host cells may be a unique, new approach to the therapy of HIV infections. In this article, we present evidence that siRNA directed at the CD4 independent attachment receptor (DC-SIGN) significantly inhibits HIV infection of dendritic cells (DCs). This effect may be mediated by modulation of p38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK).
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PMID:RNAi-directed inhibition of DC-SIGN by dendritic cells: prospects for HIV-1 therapy. 1635 35

Viruses are replication competent genomes which are relatively gene-poor. Even the largest viruses (i.e. Herpesviruses) encode only slightly >200 open reading frames (ORFs). However, because viruses replicate obligatorily inside cells, and considering that evolution may be driven by a principle of economy of scale, it is reasonable to surmise that many viruses have evolved the ability to co-opt cell-encoded proteins to provide needed surrogate functions. An in silico survey of viral sequence databases reveals that most positive-strand and double-stranded RNA viruses have ORFs for RNA helicases. On the other hand, the genomes of retroviruses are devoid of virally-encoded helicase. Here, we review in brief the notion that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has adopted the ability to use one or more cellular RNA helicases for its replicative life cycle.
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PMID:Role of RNA helicases in HIV-1 replication. 1693 87

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) integrates site specifically into the AAVS1 locus on human chromosome 19. Although recruitment of the AAV nonstructural protein Rep78/68 to the Rep binding site (RBS) on AAVS1 is thought to be an essential step, the mechanism of the site-specific integration, particularly, how the site of integration is determined, remains largely unknown. Here we describe the identification and characterization of a new cellular regulator of AAV site-specific integration. TAR RNA loop binding protein 185 (TRP-185), previously reported to associate with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 TAR RNA, binds to AAVS1 DNA. Our data suggest that TRP-185 suppresses AAV integration at the AAVS1 RBS and enhances AAV integration into a region downstream of the RBS. TRP-185 bound to Rep68 directly, changing the Rep68 DNA binding property and stimulating Rep68 helicase activity. We present a model in which TRP-185 changes the specificity of the AAV integration site from the RBS to a downstream region by acting as a molecular chaperone that promotes Rep68 complex formation competent for 3'-->5' DNA helicase activity.
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PMID:Adeno-associated virus site-specific integration is regulated by TRP-185. 1715 Nov 20

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-induced immunodeficiency and immune-system aging share some analogies. Since Werner (WRN) and Bloom (BLM) helicases are crucial in cell repair and aging, their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) mRNA levels were compared in HIV-1 infected patients and in normal donors. The mean levels of WRN mRNA were 3.7-fold higher in PBMCs from HIV-1 infected individuals in comparison to healthy donors, whereas BLM mRNA mean levels were slightly higher, although not significantly. WRN increase was positively correlated to CD4 and CD8 T-cell numbers, and also the percentage of naive T lymphocytes, and was observed also in T-cell subsets. Interestingly, a general trend toward increased WRN mRNA levels in individuals with lower viral load was observed, without association with patient age, time of seroconversion, and on/off antiretroviral therapy regimen. On the whole, this study shows that WRN and BLM are differentially modulated in HIV infection, as WRN--but not BLM--is significantly increased, suggesting that mechanisms different from defect or loss of helicase function, observed in WRN and BLM syndromes, may be at the basis of T-cell aging in HIV infection.
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PMID:Differential expression of Werner and Bloom syndrome genes in the peripheral blood of HIV-1 infected patients. 1732 98

New treatments are urgently needed to combat the increasing number of dengue fever cases in endemic countries as well as amongst a large number of travellers from non-endemic countries. Of the 10 virus encoded proteins, NS3 (non-structural 3) and NS5 carry out all the enzymatic activities needed for polyprotein processing and genome replication, and are considered to be amenable to antiviral inhibition by analogy with successes for similar targets in human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus. The multifunctional NS3 protein of flavivirus forms a non-covalent complex with the NS2B cofactor and contains the serine-protease activity domain at its N-terminus that is responsible for proteolytic processing of the viral polyprotein and a ATPase/helicase and RNA triphosphatase at its C-terminal end that are essential for RNA replication. In addition, NS3 seems to be also involved in virus assembly. This review covers the recent biochemical and structural advances on the NS2B-NS3 protease-helicase and presents an outlook for the development of small molecules as antiviral drugs targeting this fascinating multifunctional protein.
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PMID:Towards the design of antiviral inhibitors against flaviviruses: the case for the multifunctional NS3 protein from Dengue virus as a target. 1867 67


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