Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neurological complications caused by varicella-zoster virus (VZV) were diagnosed in 13 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in our hospital. There was a favorable influence of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in the prevalence of these disorders among acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients: Since 1996, only 1 of 961 AIDS patients had VZV neurological disease, compared to 9 of 1088 patients before that year (P =.02). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected VZV DNA in cerebrospinal from 4 of 5 patients with VZV neurological disease, and from 2 of 130 HIV-infected patients with other neurological diseases (sensitivity 0.8, specificity 0.98 [95% confidence intervals 0.45-1 and 0.96-1, respectively], positive predictive value 0.94).
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PMID:Neurological complications of varicella-zoster virus in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: changes in prevalence and diagnostic utility of polymerase chain reaction in cerebrospinal fluid. 1258 77

Cutaneous tuberculosis is a rare form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis primarily occurring in developing countries. The recent increase in the incidence of tuberculosis, especially due to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections, has led to a resurgence of extrapulmonary forms of this disease. We describe a case of lupus vulgaris in a 33-year-old woman who had a 5-year history of a slowly growing plaque on her neck. The lesion was located at the site of surgery repairing the scar resulting from the incision of a subcutaneous abscess during childhood. This lesion was misdiagnosed as bacterial abscess. Histopathologic examination of the plaque revealed non-caseating tuberculoid granulomas consisting of lymphocytes, epithelioid and giant cells. Staining for acid-fast bacilli and culture from biopsied tissue was negative. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA, performed on a skin biopsy specimen, was positive. A diagnosis of lupus vulgaris developing at the site of a previous misdiagnosed scrofuloderma was made. Conventional antitubercular therapy with rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol was administered for 6 months, resulting in resolution of the lesion.
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PMID:Lupus vulgaris developing at the site of misdiagnosed scrofuloderma. 1270 74

Tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) is a diagnostic challenge in sub-Saharan Africa, where there is a high rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. This study aimed to find ways to improve the diagnosis in Butajira, rural Ethiopia, where TBLN constitutes 40% of the total tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis. Among 147 clinically suspected cases, 107 (72.8%) were confirmed as TBLN by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology and acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear examination. Of the remaining 40 cases, denoted non-tuberculous lymphadenitis (NTBLN) after this smear examination, 37 (92.5%) showed a cytological pattern with neutrophil aggregates. The clinical manifestations were similar and cervical lymph nodes were the most affected in these 2 groups. 24 of the 107 TBLN cases (22.4%) and 9 (22.5%) of the other cases were seropositive for HIV infection (p > 0.5). FNA cytology combined with AFB smear examination is a good alternative to histology in rural Ethiopia where the expertise in taking biopsies is very limited. Polymerase chain reaction for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex DNA was positive in 15 of 23 cases tested with NTBLN cytology, showing that an additional independent criterion for the presence of M. tuberculosis is needed for diagnosis in lymphadenitis cases of this kind. These findings could help to strengthen the diagnostic algorithm suggested by the National TB Control Program.
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PMID:Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Butajira, rural Ethiopia. 1283 51

Polymerase chain reaction assays are a powerful tool for detecting the presence of infectious genomes in the cerebrospinal fluid. Positive results always mean a current or pending infection of the central nervous system. Subacute (>7 days) or chronic infections induce an intrathecal humoral immune response and the appearance of oligoclonal IgG antibodies directed against the causal infectious agent. This local synthesis may be observed even in cases of severe systemic immunodeficiency. The use of polymerase chain reactions in combination with the detection of a specific intrathecal immune response should represent the most reliable strategy for the diagnosis of viral and chronic infections of the central nervous system. The authors describe their experience, using this approach, in herpetic encephalitis, acute and recurrent herpetic meningitis, varicella zoster-induced neurological diseases, cytomegalovirus encephalitis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalitis and tuberculous meningitis.
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PMID:Clinical relevance of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and antigen-driven immunoblots for the diagnosis of neurological infectious diseases. 1290

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNase H activity is essential for the synthesis of viral DNA by HIV reverse transcriptase (HIV-RT). RNA cleavage by RNase H requires the presence of divalent metal ions, but the role of metal ions in the mechanism of RNA cleavage has not been resolved. We measured HIV RNase H activity associated with HIV-RT protein in the presence of different concentrations of either Mg2+, Mn2+, Co2+ or a combination of these divalent metal ions. Polymerase-independent HIV RNase H was similar to or more active with Mn2+ and Co2+ compared with Mg2+. Activation of RNase H by these metal ions followed sigmoidal dose-response curves suggesting cooperative metal ion binding. Titration of Mg2+-bound HIV RNase H with Mn2+ or Co2+ ions generated bell-shaped activity dose-response curves. Higher activity could be achieved through simultaneous binding of more than one divalent metal ion at intermediate Mn2+ and Co2+ concentrations, and complete replacement of Mg2+ occurred at higher Mn2+ or Co2+ concentrations. These results are consistent with a two-metal ion mechanism of RNA cleavage as previously suggested for a number of polymerase-associated nucleases. In contrast, the structurally highly homologous RNase HI from Escherichia coli is most strongly activated by Mg2+, is significantly inhibited by submillimolar concentrations of Mn2+ and most probably cleaves RNA via a one-metal ion mechanism. Based on this difference in active site structure, a series of small molecule N-hydroxyimides was identified with significant enzyme inhibitory potency and selectivity for HIV RNase H.
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PMID:Two-metal ion mechanism of RNA cleavage by HIV RNase H and mechanism-based design of selective HIV RNase H inhibitors. 1462 18

High-titer, HIV-1-based lentiviral vector particles were found to transduce cytokine-mobilized rhesus macaque CD34(+) cells and clonogenic progenitors very poorly (< 1%), reflecting the postentry restriction in rhesus cells to HIV infection. To overcome this barrier, we developed a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-based vector system. A single exposure to a low concentration of amphotropic pseudotyped SIV vector particles encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) resulted in gene transfer into 68% +/- 1% of rhesus bulk CD34(+) cells and 75% +/- 1% of clonogenic progenitors. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis of DNA from individual hematopoietic colonies confirmed these relative transduction efficiencies. To evaluate SIV vector-mediated stem cell gene transfer in vivo, 3 rhesus macaques underwent transplantation with transduced, autologous cytokine-mobilized peripheral blood CD34(+) cells following myeloablative conditioning. Hematopoietic reconstitution was rapid, and an average of 18% +/- 8% and 15% +/- 7% GFP-positive granulocytes and monocytes, respectively, were observed 4 to 6 months after transplantation, consistent with the average vector copy number of 0.19 +/- 0.05 in peripheral blood leukocytes as determined by real-time PCR. Vector insertion site analysis demonstrated polyclonal reconstitution with vector-containing cells. SIV vectors appear promising for evaluating gene therapy approaches in nonhuman primate models.
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PMID:Efficient gene transfer into rhesus repopulating hematopoietic stem cells using a simian immunodeficiency virus-based lentiviral vector system. 1497 42

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for detection of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA has been proposed as a minimally invasive method for establishing the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus-related primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). In a review of the operational characteristics of this test in our clinical practice, the positive predictive value of CSF PCR for EBV for establishing the diagnosis of PCNSL was only 29%. Of 7 patients with CSF PCR positive for EBV, 2 had PCNSL, and 5 received alternative diagnoses (specificity, 79.1%).
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PMID:Predictive value of polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid for detection of Epstein-Barr virus to establish the diagnosis of HIV-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. 1549 20

Comparison of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) frequencies in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV)-associated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and in patients with HCV-associated non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) has not been addressed previously. To this aim, we investigated the distribution of HLA class II alleles in two selected groups of HCV-infected patients. Group 1 included 50 patients with HCV-associated NHL; group 2 included 29 patients with HCV-associated HCC. A control group included 144 hospitalized patients without NHL or HCC and who were negative for HCV, hepatitis B virus, and human immunodeficiency virus antibodies. Polymerase chain reaction sequence DRB1 and DQB1 specific-primer methods were used. DRB1*1101/DQB1*0301 haplotype, which mainly favors the spontaneous clearance of HCV infection, was lower in HCC subjects than in controls, whereas HLA-DRB1*1104/DQB1*0301, was higher in NHL patients. These findings suggest different pathogenic pathways in HCC and in NHL development. In patients with HCV-associated HCC, a major protective role of DQB1*0301 allele, rather than DRB1*11, was found, probably because of a better HLA class II-associated virus clearance. By contrast, the same allele as HLA-DRB1*04 showed an increase in HCV-associated NHL. These data suggest that NHL and HCC development may be associated to a different response with respect to chronic HLA class II-restricted antigen presentation (perhaps a switch toward CD4+Th2 response in NHL?) or, alternatively, that these alleles could be in linkage disequilibrium to unrelated gene(s), or are in synergy with other immunomodulatory genes that may confer increased risk for NHL.
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PMID:Hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma and B-cell lymphoma patients show a different profile of major histocompatibility complex class II alleles. 1555 90

Multifocal submucosal stromal tumors were diagnosed in a 5.5-year-old rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) experimentally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, strain SIVsmE660, and CD4+ T cell depleted. The animal was negative for simian retroviruses, SRV-1, -2, and -5. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of DNA from tumor and spleen tissue revealed abundant, preferential presence of retroperitoneal fibromatosis herpesvirus, the macaque homologue of the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (human herpesvirus-8), in the tumors. This was corroborated by demonstration of viral latent nuclear antigen-1 in the nuclei of a majority of the spindeloid tumor cells. Low levels of an additional macaque herpesvirus, rhesus rhadinovirus, were also detected in the spleen and tumor tissues. The spindeloid cells labeled positively for vimentin and CD117 but were negative for CD31, CD68, desmin, and smooth muscle cell actin. Collectively, these findings suggest a relation to but not absolute identity with simian mesenchymoproliferative disorders (MPD) or typical gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs).
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PMID:Intestinal stromal tumors in a simian immunodeficiency virus-infected, simian retrovirus-2 negative rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta). 1587 92

Patients with immunodeficiency or treatment-related immunosuppression are at an increased risk of developing severe herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. We present a fatal case of a generalized HSV-1 infection in a 22-year-old female afflicted by acute lymphoblastic leukemia who was treated with polychemotherapy. The terminal clinical course was characterized by abdominal pain, progressive hepatic failure, and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Autopsy revealed non-perioral herpetic skin lesions and mucosal ulceration of the esophagus and colon. Punctuated areas of yellow-tan necrosis with hyperemic rims were detected in the liver, spleen, and lung. Numerous petechiae were observed on the mucosal surface of the esophagus, jejunum, ileum, and colon. Microscopically, lesions demonstrated the cellular changes characteristic of herpetic infection. Immunohistochemistry for identification of the virus using monoclonal antibodies against HSV-1 and HSV-2 showed positive staining for HSV-1. Polymerase chain reaction and sequencing confirmed HSV-1 positivity. Emphasis must be placed on clinical awareness of a generalized HSV infection in immunocompromised patients. Absence of orofacial or genital lesions does not rule out the possibility of active HSV infection.
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PMID:Generalized herpes simplex virus infection in an immunocompromised patient--report of a case and review of the literature. 1590 Nov 33


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