Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vpr has previously been shown to bind to the cellular uracil DNA glycosylase UNG. We show here that the binding of Vpr to UNG and to the related enzyme SMUG induces their proteasomal degradation. UNG and SMUG were found to be encapsidated in Deltavpr HIV-1 virions but were significantly less abundant in vpr(+) virions. Deltavpr virions contained readily detectable uracil-DNA glycosylase enzymatic activity, while the activity was reduced to undetectable levels in vpr(+) virions. Consistent with proteasomal degradation, complexes that contained Vpr and the E3 ubiquitin ligase components Cul1 and Cul4 were detected in cell lysates. We hypothesized that the interaction of Vpr might be a means for the virus to reduce the frequency of abasic sites in viral reverse transcripts at uracil residues caused by APOBEC3-catalyzed deamination of cytosine residues. Although APOBEC3 is largely neutralized by the Vif accessory protein, residual enzyme could remain in virions that would generate uracils. In support of this, Deltavif vpr(+) HIV-1 produced in the presence of limited amounts of APOBEC3G was significantly more infectious than Deltavif Deltavpr virus. In Addition, vpr(+) HIV-1 replicated more efficiently than vpr(-) virus in cells that expressed limited amounts of APOBEC3G. The findings highlight the importance of cytidine deamination in the virus replication cycle and present a novel function for Vpr.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpr induces the degradation of the UNG and SMUG uracil-DNA glycosylases. 1610 49

APOBEC3G/CEM15 (hA3G) is a novel host factor that confers resistance to lentiviral infection under experimental conditions. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1, however, produces viral infectivity factor (Vif) that targets hA3G for proteolysis, thereby escaping this defense system. To examine hA3G's contribution to the protection against HIV disease progression in humans, we quantified hA3G mRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 6 HIV-uninfected and 25 HIV-infected subjects; the latter group included 8 long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs) and 17 progressors. None of the HIV-infected subjects were receiving antiretroviral therapy. We found a striking inverse correlation between hA3G mRNA levels and HIV viral loads (P < or = 0.00009) and a highly significant positive correlation between hA3G mRNA levels and CD4 cell counts (P < or = 0.00012) in these patients. Furthermore, we discovered that the order of hA3G mRNA levels is LTNPs > HIV-uninfected subjects > progressors.
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PMID:APOBEC3G/CEM15 (hA3G) mRNA levels associate inversely with human immunodeficiency virus viremia. 1610 3

Primate lentiviruses have narrow host ranges, due in part to their sensitivities to mammalian intracellular antiviral factors such as APOBEC3G and TRIM5alpha. Despite the protection provided by this innate immune system, retroviruses are able to transfer between species where they can cause disease. This is true for sooty mangabey simian immunodeficiency virus, which has transferred to humans as HIV-2 and to rhesus macaques as SIVmac, where it causes AIDS. Here we examine the sensitivities of the closely related HIV-2 and SIVmac to restriction by TRIM5alpha. We show that rhesus TRIM5alpha can restrict HIV-2 but not the closely related SIVmac. SIVmac has not completely escaped TRIM5alpha, as shown by its sensitivity to distantly related TRIM5alpha from the New World squirrel monkey. Squirrel monkey TRIM5alpha blocks SIVmac infection after DNA synthesis and is not saturable with restriction-sensitive virus-like particles. We map the determinant for TRIM5alpha sensitivity to the structure in the capsid protein that recruits CypA into HIV-1 virions. We also make an SIV, mutated at this site, which bypasses restriction in all cells tested.
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PMID:Differential restriction of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmac by TRIM5alpha alleles. 1614 Jul 35

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1, HIV-1, has long been known to possess the viral infectivity factor, Vif, which supports productive viral replication in non-permissive cells, such as peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL). In the last few years, Vif function has been elucidated by the finding that it inactivates a cellular anti-viral factor named APOBEC3G. Tremendous progress has been made since the initial observation, reflected in a large number of publications. APOBEC3G represents a novel innate defense mechanism against retroviral infection. It is expressed in non-permissive cells and possesses cytidine deaminase activity. APOBEC3G is encapsidated into viral particles and is transported into the infected cell, where it facilitates the deamination of the cytosine residues in the first strand cDNA intermediate during early steps of HIV infection. Vif counteracts APOBEC3G by direct binding, which mediates its degradation by the ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal pathway. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the structure and function of both proteins, their interaction with each other and the mechanism of Vif-mediated APOBEC3G inactivation. In addition, we will discuss possible interference strategies as potential new drugs against HIV infection.
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PMID:HIV-1 Vif: HIV's weapon against the cellular defense factor APOBEC3G. 1625 Aug 85

Active host-pathogen interactions take place during infection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Outcomes of these interactions determine the efficiency of viral infection and subsequent disease progression. HIV-infected cells respond to viral invasion with various defensive strategies such as innate, cellular and humoral immune antiviral mechanisms. On the other hand, the virus has also developed various offensive tactics to suppress these host cellular responses. Among many of the viral offensive strategies, HIV-1 viral auxiliary proteins (Tat, Rev, Nef, Vif, Vpr and Vpu) play important roles in the host-pathogen interaction and thus have significant impacts on the outcome of HIV infection. One of the best examples is the interaction of Vif with a host cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G. Although specific roles of other auxiliary proteins are not as well described as Vif-APOBEC3G interaction, it is the goal of this brief review to summarize some of the preliminary findings with the hope to stimulate further discussion and investigation in this exhilarating area of research.
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PMID:Roles of HIV-1 auxiliary proteins in viral pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. 1635 71

APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G (hA3F and hA3G) are part of an innate mechanism of antiretroviral defense. The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory protein Vif targets both proteins for proteasomal degradation. Using mRNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 92 HIV-infected subjects not taking antiretroviral therapy and 19 HIV-uninfected controls, we found that hA3F (P < 0.001) and hA3G (P = 0.016) mRNA levels were lower in HIV-infected subjects and were positively correlated with one another (P = 0.003). However, we found no correlation in the abundance of either hA3F or hA3G mRNA with either viral load or CD4 counts in HIV-infected subjects.
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PMID:APOBEC3F and APOBEC3G mRNA levels do not correlate with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 plasma viremia or CD4+ T-cell count. 1643 64

APOBEC3G (A3G) and related cytidine deaminases, such as APOBEC3F (A3F), are potent inhibitors of retroviruses. Formation of infectious human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) requires suppression of multiple cytidine deaminases by Vif. Whether HIV-1 Vif recognizes various APOBEC3 proteins through a common mechanism is unclear. The domains in Vif that mediate APOBEC3 recognitions are also poorly defined. The N-terminal region of HIV-1 Vif is unusually rich in Trp residues, which are highly conserved. In the present study, we examined the role of these Trp residues in the suppression of APOBEC3 proteins by HIV-1 Vif. We found that most of the highly conserved Trp residues were required for efficient suppression of both A3G and A3F, but some of these residues were selectively required for the suppression of A3F but not A3G. Mutant Vif molecules in which Ala was substituted for Trp79 and, to a lesser extent, for Trp11 remained competent for A3G interaction and its suppression; however, they were defective for A3F interaction and therefore could not efficiently suppress the antiviral activity of A3F. Interestingly, while the HIV-1 Vif-mediated degradation of A3G was not affected by the different C-terminal tag peptides, that of A3F was significantly influenced by its C-terminal tags. These data indicate that the mechanisms by which HIV-1 Vif recognizes its target molecules, A3G and A3F, are not identical. The fact that several highly conserved residues in Vif are required for the suppression of A3F but not that of A3G suggests a critical role for A3F in the restriction of HIV-1 in vivo.
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PMID:Differential requirement for conserved tryptophans in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vif for the selective suppression of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. 1650 Nov 24

Lentiviruses utilize two polypurine tracts for initiation of plus-strand viral DNA synthesis. We have examined to what extent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 plus-strand initiation at the central polypurine tract (cPPT) could protect the viral genome from DNA editing by APOBEC3G and APOBEC3B. The presence of a functional cPPT, but not of a mutated cPPT, extensively reduced editing by both APOBEC3G and APOBEC3B of sequences downstream, but not upstream, of the cPPT, with significant protection observed as far as 400 bp downstream. Thus, in addition to other potential functions, the cPPT could help protect lentiviruses from editing by cytidine deaminases of the APOBEC family.
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PMID:Functional central polypurine tract provides downstream protection of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome from editing by APOBEC3G and APOBEC3B. 1653 39

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can infect resting CD4 T cells residing in lymphoid tissues but not those circulating in peripheral blood. The molecular mechanisms producing this difference remain unknown. We explored the potential role of the tissue microenvironment and its influence on the action of the antiviral factor APOBEC3G (A3G) in regulating permissivity to HIV infection. We found that endogenous IL-2 and -15 play a key role in rendering resident naive CD4 T cells susceptible to HIV infection. Infection of memory CD4 T cells also requires endogenous soluble factors, but not IL-2 or -15. A3G is found in a high molecular mass complex in HIV infection-permissive, tissue-resident naive CD4 T cells but resides in a low molecular mass form in nonpermissive, blood-derived naive CD4 T cells. Upon treatment with endogenous soluble factors, these cells become permissive for HIV infection, as low molecular mass A3G is induced to assemble into high molecular mass complexes. These findings suggest that in lymphoid tissues, endogenous soluble factors, likely including IL-2 and -15 and others, stimulate the formation of high molecular mass A3G complexes in tissue-resident naive CD4 T cells, thereby relieving the potent postentry restriction block for HIV infection conferred by low molecular mass A3G.
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PMID:Endogenous factors enhance HIV infection of tissue naive CD4 T cells by stimulating high molecular mass APOBEC3G complex formation. 1660 71

Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vif overcomes the anti-viral activity of APOBEC3G by targeting it for ubiquitination via a Cullin 5-ElonginB-ElonginC (Cul5-EloBC) E3 ligase. Vif associates with Cul5-EloBC through a BC-box motif that binds EloC, but the mechanism by which Vif selectively recruits Cul5 is poorly understood. Here we report that a region of Vif (residues 100-142) upstream of the BC-box binds selectively to Cul5 in the absence of EloC. This region contains a zinc coordination site HX5CX17-18CX3-5H (HCCH), with His/Cys residues at positions 108, 114, 133, and 139 coordinating one zinc ion. The HCCH zinc coordination site, which is conserved among primate lentivirus Vif proteins, does not correspond to any known class of zinc-binding motif. Mutations of His/Cys residues in the HCCH motif impair zinc coordination, Cul5 binding, and APOBEC3G degradation. Mutations of conserved hydrophobic residues (Ile-120, Ala-123, and Leu-124) located between the two Cys residues in the HCCH motif disrupt binding of the zinc-coordinating region to Cul5 and inhibit APOBEC3G degradation. The Vif binding site maps to the first cullin repeat in the N terminus of Cul5. These data suggest that the zinc-binding region in Vif is a novel cullin interaction domain that mediates selective binding to Cul5. We propose that the HCCH zinc-binding motif facilitates Vif-Cul5 binding by playing a structural role in positioning hydrophobic residues for direct contact with Cul5.
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PMID:A zinc-binding region in Vif binds Cul5 and determines cullin selection. 1663 53


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