Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Several reports indicate that systemic carnitine deficiency could occur in acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS), and that primary and secondary carnitine deficiency leads to critical metabolic dysfunctions. L-carnitine supplementation to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of AIDS patients resulted in significant enhancement of the phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-driven proliferative response. High dose L-carnitine administration (6 gr per day for two weeks) to AIDS patients treated with zidovudine also led to increased PBMCs proliferation and reduced blood levels of triglycerides. In addition, a reduction of beta 2-microglobulin serum levels as well as circulating tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, mostly in patients exhibiting highly elevated levels, were found at the end of the treatment period. Our data suggest that in vivo L-carnitine could prove useful in ameliorating both the immune response and lipid metabolism in patients with AIDS, irrespective of initial serum carnitines levels. The mechanism(s) accounting for the observed results are currently not clear. Further studies are needed to confirm the hypothesis that L-carnitine affects the expression of HIV-induced cytokine.
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PMID:High dose L-carnitine improves immunologic and metabolic parameters in AIDS patients. 845 Jan 78

Serological patterns of anti-HIV immune responses of 150 HIV-infected (65 asymptomatic, 19 ARC, 66 AIDS) and 150 HIV-negative healthy Zairians were studied to determine the clinical significance of p24 antigen, and anti-p24 antibody, particularly in relation to p24 relative binding capacity (RBC) and circulating immune complexes (CICs). Levels of p24 antigen, anti-p24 antibody titers, and p24 RBC were evaluated by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Circulating immune complexes were measured by C1q-binding assay. Human immunodeficiency virus CICs were detected by polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation followed by 6 M guanidinium lysis, ELISA, Western blot, or radioimmunoprecipitation of the lysed precipitates. Immunoglobulin levels for IgG, IgM, IgA, and beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2-M) were quantified in all study participants by laser nephelometry and ELISA. All immunoglobulin levels were significantly elevated among HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative individuals. Immunoglobulin levels correlated well with disease progression among infected patients. Similarly, beta 2-M levels were significantly higher in HIV-positive vs. HIV-negative individuals and correlated well with progression to AIDS. Free p24 antigen in serum was detected in 1.33% of all patients. However, p24 reactivity increased to 6% (9 of 150 cases) after PEG precipitation and CIC dissociation. There was a good correlation between p24 reactivity and disease development. High titers of anti-p24 antibody (> 44,100) occurred in at least 80% of all patients, and did not correlate with disease stage. Similarly, more than 60% of patients had high levels of p24 RBC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Humoral aspects of anti-HIV immune responses in Zairians with AIDS: lower antigenemia does not correlate with immune complex levels. 847 16

The mechanism of increased serum creatinine after administration of pyrimethamine and dapsone was evaluated for six healthy volunteers. Serum parameters, urine sediment, and clearances of creatinine, inulin, and para-aminohippurate were assessed prior to and 28 h after the ingestion of a single, combined dose of 100 mg of pyrimethamine and 200 mg of dapsone. In a second series, the same renal function tests were performed for nine human immunodeficiency virus-infected men before and after 1 month of prophylactic treatment with a weekly dose of 75 mg of pyrimethamine and 200 mg of dapsone to evaluate sustained effects on renal function. Serum creatinine increased within 28 h from 81 +/- 14 to 102 +/- 16 mumol/liter (P = 0.002) in the healthy volunteers. Blood urea nitrogen, beta 2-microglobulin, and urine remained normal. Creatinine clearance decreased from 125 +/- 27 to 91 +/- 26 ml/min (P < 0.02) without changes in inulin clearance. The effect was reversible within 21 days and attributable to pyrimethamine, as determined by administration of each drug alone. The sustained effect of four doses of pyrimethamine and dapsone in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients consisted of an analogous rise in serum creatinine from 69 +/- 17 to 87 +/- 32 mumol/liter (P < 0.05). Both creatinine and inulin clearances, however, were unchanged, representing a new equilibrium between creatinine production and elimination at a higher level in serum. Pyrimethamine, thus, may reversibly inhibit renal tubular secretion of creatinine without affecting the glomerular filtration rate. This physiologic effect in pyrimethamine-treated patients must be differentiated from possible organ-related nephropathies.
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PMID:Pyrimethamine inhibits renal secretion of creatinine. 851 92

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of the biologic immune activation markers neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin in monitoring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients without acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treated with isoprinosine and placebo. Serum samples obtained at the commencement of study and samples obtained after 24 weeks were available from 277 HIV-positive patients in the Scandinavian multicentre isoprinosine trial. After 24 weeks' treatment, the concentrations of beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin had increased both in the isoprinosine group and the placebo group. However, in the isoprinosine group the relative increase within beta 2-microglobulin was significantly smaller. Within neopterin, the increase from baseline level was small and not significantly different from the change in the placebo group. The beta 2-microglobulin data might reflect a suppressive effect of isoprinosine on the HIV-induced activation of the cellular immune system. Because of the minor changes, there is no real evidence of neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin being valuable as surrogate markers in monitoring therapy effects of isoprinosine.
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PMID:Neopterin and beta 2-microglobulin as serum markers in a placebo-controlled anti-HIV therapy trial. 861 64

A prospective study was conducted with 161 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients to investigate the prognostic role of 10 serum-modified nucleosides with regard to some of the most widely used parameters of AIDS progression. Serum concentrations of pseudouridine (> 3.77 nmol/mL) predicted progression to AIDS in CDC stage A2 HIV-infected patients much better than did other widely used parameters (hazard ratio, 2.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.29-6.35; P = .01; median permanence time in stage A2, 17 vs. 30.5 months; P = .03). Serum concentrations of 1-ribosylpyridin-4-one-3-carboxamide (PCNR) and beta 2-microglobulin and the CD4:CD8 cell ratio, in decreasing order and used in combination, differentiated the overall survival time probability of AIDS patients; PCNR was the best and a new independent predictor (overall survival time, > 31 months, no positive parameters; 19.3 months, one positive parameter; and 5.5 months, two positive parameters.
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PMID:Pseudouridine and 1-ribosylpyridin-4-one-3-carboxamide (PCNR) serum concentrations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients are independent predictors for AIDS progression. 865 95

A predictive marker for AIDS dementia complex (ADC) in a cohort of neurologically asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients with < 200 CD4 cells/microL was sought. Patients were assessed neurologically and neuropsychologically at entry. Blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were taken for assay of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M), and neopterin and T cell subsets were assessed from blood. Patients were evaluated every 4 months. Of 37 patients recruited, 35 had sufficient follow-up data. Seventeen patients progressed to ADC stage > or = 1. In univariate analyses, concentrations of CSF beta 2M and neopterin and CD4 cell count were each significantly associated with ADC development. In a multivariate analysis, concentrations of CSF beta 2M remained significant, with levels > 5 mg/L carrying approximately 17 times the risk of ADC. CSF beta 2M and neopterin levels and CD4 cell count are useful in identifying patients at risk of ADC and as such can be used to target high-risk patients so therapy can be optimized.
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PMID:Predictive markers of AIDS dementia complex: CD4 cell count and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of beta 2-microglobulin and neopterin. 869 58

Macrophage activation and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production are critical in tuberculosis immunity but may result in increased human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression and accelerated HIV disease progression in HIV-infected persons. Pentoxifylline inhibits expression of TNF-alpha and HIV. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of adjunctive therapy with pentoxifylline (1800 mg/day) as a timed-release formulation was done in Ugandan HIV-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Subjects had early HIV disease (mean CD4 cell count, 380/microL) and did not receive other antiretroviral drugs. Pentoxifylline resulted in decreased plasma HIV RNA and serum beta 2-microglobulin and, in a subset of moderately anemic patients, improved blood hemoglobin levels. Trends were noted toward reduced TNF-alpha production in vitro and improved performance scores, but these did not reach statistical significance. No effect was noted on body mass, CD4 cell count, or survival. Additional studies of more potent TNF-alpha inhibitors in HIV-positive subjects with tuberculosis are warranted.
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PMID:Pentoxifylline therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive persons with tuberculosis: a randomized, controlled trial. 884 9

In order to examine the relevance of early immune activation to the long-term course of HIV infection, we evaluated the ability of the serum beta 2-microglobulin level measured in 63 haemophiliacs on average 4.9 months from HIV seroconversion to predict the rate of development of server immunodeficiency (CD4) lymphocyte count 50/mm3) or AIDS over the following 10 years. Patients with higher beta 2-microglobulin values tended to develop severe immunodeficiency/AIDS more rapidly than those with lower levels (relative risk 1.68 per 1 mg/L increase; 95% CI 1.26-2.26; p = 0.0004). Older patients also progressed more rapidly, and these two factors acted independently (relative risk 1.65 per 1 mg/L increase; 95% CI 1.21-2.72; p = 0.002 for beta 2-microglobulin and 1.22 per 10 years; 95% CI 1.01-1.48; p = 0.04 for age). These results provide further evidence that the long-term course of HIV infection can, to some extent, be predicted soon after infection. Older patients with high beta 2-microglobulin levels warrant close monitoring and consideration for early antiretroviral therapy.
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PMID:Serum beta 2-microglobulin at HIV-1 seroconversion as a predictor of severe immunodeficiency during 10 years of followup. 889 71

In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-1-infected Black people, the circulating p24 antigen is hidden frequently in immune complexes, because of high titers of serum anti-p24 antibodies. In order to evaluate the prognostic values for progression of free and dissociated serum p24 antigen in Black people, sera from 45 HIV-1-infected Black patients, all at non-AIDS stages, were evaluated prospectively for p24 antigen by several assays; circulating free p24 antigen was measured by immunocapture ELISA only (method 1) and with ELAST amplification (method 2), and dissociated p24 antigen determined after glycine-HCl pretreatment of serum, by immunocapture ELISA only (method 3) and with ELAST amplification (method 4). Serum CD4 and CD8 cell counts, beta 2-microglobulin, and total IgA were determined also at least twice a year. Clinical events for AIDS were those included in the 1986 CDC classification for HIV infection. At entry, p24 antigen was found in 3 (6.7%) patients by method 1, in 7 (15.6%) by method 2, in 14 (31.1%) by method 3, and in 22 (48.9%) by method 4. Methods 3 and 4 were more sensitive than method 1 (P < 0.001) and method 2 (P < 0.001). The mean follow-up was 30 months. The free symptom survival times (mean +/- SD months) were significantly lower in patients being p24 antigen positive by method 1 [(+) 33 +/- 27 vs. (-) 61 +/- 15, P = 0.03), but they were similar in patients positive and in those negative for p24 antigen determined by method 2 [(+) 71 +/- 17 vs. (-) 74 +/- 9, P = 0.54], method 3 [(+) 76 +/- 12 vs. (-) 69 +/- 13.2, P = 0.80], and method 4 [(+) 79 +/- 9 vs. (-) 63 +/- 7, P = 0.71]. At 24 months, p24 antigen positivity did not correlate either with CD4 or CD4/CD8 slops, nor with beta 2-microglobulin or IgA variations. By contrast, a CD4 cell count below 200/mm3 at entry was significantly associated with disease progression. In conclusion, dissociated p24 antigenemia does not appear as a useful surrogate marker for progression in HIV-1-infected Black people.
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PMID:Lack of predictive value for progression of dissociated circulating P24 antigen in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected black patients. 891 85

It is supposed that Leishmania infection increases human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in seropositive individuals. Two groups of 9 HIV-infected intravenous drug users each, one group with HIV-Leishmania coinfection (as determined by bone marrow microscopy, culture and an immunofluorescent assay, the other with HIV infection alone, but no evidence of Leishmania coinfection were matched for sex, age, time since first diagnosis of HIV infection, number of AIDS-defining diseases, proportion of patients treated with AZT and months of treatment, CD4/CD8 ratio, beta 2-microglobulin level and HIV p24 antigen positivity rate. IL-4, -6, -10 and -12 and IFN-gamma levels were determined by commercial enzyme immunoassays. The HIV-1 RNA copy number was quantified with the nucleic-acid-sequence-based amplification method (NASBA). The differences between the two groups were highly significant for all markers determined except for IL-12 and IFN-gamma. We found a higher viral load in the patients with HIV-Leishmania coinfection compared to the patients with HIV infection alone (p < 0.009). In 6 HIV-positive individuals without Leishmania coinfection, the HIV-1 RNA copy number was below the detection limit of NASBA (i. e. < 400 copies/100 microliters). Plasma levels of IL-4, -6, and -10 were significantly elevated in the coinfected group (p < 0.0001; p < 0.02, and p < 0.005). The results of our study show that the viral load is increased in patients with HIV-Leishmania coinfection in comparison to the controls. This might be partly due to Th2 immune activation, as demonstrated by higher plasma levels of IL-4, -6 and -10 in HIV-Leishmania-coinfected patients than in HIV-infected individuals.
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PMID:Immunological findings in HIV-Leishmania coinfection. 907 71


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