Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

This study analyzes the association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) arising in patients without pre-existing overt immunodeficiency. The authors examined 201 lymphomas (105 high-grade B-cell, 82 peripheral T-cell, 7 high-grade non-B-cell, non-T-cell, and 7 hairy-cell leukemia) for EBV gene expression by immunohistologic procedures using monoclonal antibodies to EBV latent, immediate early, and replicative infection antigens. Transformation-associated EBV latent membrane protein 1 (LMP 1) was detected in 13 (6%) NHL, comprising 4 (4%) high-grade B-cell, 8 (10%) peripheral T-cell, and 1 non-B-cell, non-T-cell lymphomas. Anaplastic large-cell lymphoma of T-cell type was consistently LMP 1-negative. EBV nuclear antigen 2 was demonstrated in only three (1%) cases. Induction of replication as defined by expression of the immediate early BamHI Z leftward reading frame 1 (BZLF1) protein was detected in five cases, but early (EA) and late (VCA and MA) lytic cycle antigens were only found in two cases and in one case, respectively. The presence of EBV was confirmed by in situ DNA hybridization in 9 of 11 EBV antigen-positive lymphomas. This study shows the surprisingly frequent presence of EBV in peripheral T-cell NHL in European patients without pre-existing overt immunodeficiency. Interestingly, most sporadic B-cell NHL are not associated with the virus. Furthermore, the usefulness of selected monoclonal antibodies for the routine immunohistological diagnosis of EBV infection was confirmed.
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PMID:A survey of Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in sporadic non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus in a subset of peripheral T-cell lymphomas. 131 39

Immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS, develop progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) due to central nervous system infection with JC virus (JCV). It is unknown whether JCV infection in the central nervous system can occur in the absence of PML symptoms. To address this question, autopsy specimens from patients with AIDS were examined. The brains of a group of patients without AIDS or central nervous system disease were also examined. JCV DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction in brain tissue from 4 (31%) of 13 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. JCV was also detected in 1 elderly HIV-negative patient but not in the 11 other control brains. JCV was not detected in 22 myocardial specimens obtained at autopsy from HIV-negative patients nor 10 peripheral blood specimens from HIV-positive patients. The presence of JCV in brains of patients without clinically evident PML suggests that JCV may be present in the central nervous system without clinical disease.
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PMID:Subclinical central nervous system infection with JC virus in patients with AIDS. 131 12

2',3'-Dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (+/-)-SddC) was found to have potent activity against human hepatitis B virus as well as human immunodeficiency viruses in culture. The (-)form ((-)-SddC) which is resistant to deoxycytidine deaminase was found to be the more active antiviral stereoisomer than the (+)-form ((+)-SddC). The (+)-SddC is susceptible to deamination by deoxycytidine deaminase and is 25- and 12-fold more toxic than (-)-SddC in CEM cells in terms of anti-cell growth and anti-mitochondrial DNA synthesis, respectively. Similar results were obtained using a mixture of their 5-fluoro analogs ((+/-)-FSddC). Unlike 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, which is a potent inhibitor of mitochondrial DNA synthesis and results in such delayed toxicity as peripheral neuropathy with long term usage, (-)-SddC does not affect mitochondrial DNA synthesis. The (-)form is phosphorylated to (-)-SddCMP and is subsequently converted to (-)-SddCDP and (-)-SddCTP. One additional major metabolite which has been tentatively assigned the name "(-)-SddCMP sialate" was also identified. No significant difference in terms of the profiles of the metabolites was found between 4 and 24 h. There is an appreciable amount of (-)-SddCTP detectable 24 h after removal of the drug. (-)-SddCTP was also found to be approximately 3-fold more potent than (+)-SddCTP in inhibiting human hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase. This is the first nucleoside analog with the unnatural sugar configuration demonstrated to have antiviral activity.
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PMID:Deoxycytidine deaminase-resistant stereoisomer is the active form of (+/-)-2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine in the inhibition of hepatitis B virus replication. 132 Nov 32

Epstein-Barr virus DNA was analyzed from specimens of hairy leukoplakia, an oral lesion that occurs in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The simultaneous presence of both type 1 and type 2 Epstein-Barr virus was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction assay. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the BamHI WYH region and in clones of the EcoRI C region suggested the presence of multiple strains of type 1 and type 2 viruses. The demonstration of multiple variably sized BamHI H fragments on Southern blot analysis and cloning of the EBNA-2 gene coding region also suggested the presence of multiple viral strains or variants coinfecting hairy leukoplakia. Recombination of the viral genome in and around the EBNA-2 gene apparently generated viral variants that replicated efficiently, one of which appeared to increase in abundance in a lesion over time. These data indicate that hairy leukoplakia involves coinfection with multiple strains of replicating Epstein-Barr virus and the endogenous generation of viral variants, some of which have mutations of the EBNA-2 gene.
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PMID:Coinfection with multiple strains of the Epstein-Barr virus in human immunodeficiency virus-associated hairy leukoplakia. 132 43

Cell proliferation is necessary for proviral integration and productive infection of most retroviruses. Nevertheless, the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) can infect non-dividing macrophages. This ability to grow in non-dividing cells is not specific to macrophages because, as we show here, CD4+ HeLa cells arrested at stage G2 of the cell cycle can be infected by HIV-1. Proliferation is necessary for these same cells to be infected by a murine retrovirus, MuLV. HIV-1 integrates into the arrested cell DNA and produces viral RNA and protein in a pattern similar to that in normal cells. In addition, our data suggest that the ability to infect non-dividing cells is due to one of the HIV-1 core virion proteins. HIV infection of non-dividing cells distinguishes lentiviruses from other retroviruses and is likely to be important in the natural history of HIV infection.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection of cells arrested in the cell cycle. 132 94

Although it has been suggested that cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the kidney might facilitate the development of human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) or other morphologic renal changes in patients with AIDS, no systematic study has been performed on kidneys from AIDS patients. We examined 75 autopsy kidneys, two renal biopsy specimens, and a nephrectomy specimen from 78 HIV-infected patients (five with HIVAN) for the presence of CMV. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) utilizing a monoclonal antibody against the late antigen of CMV and in situ hybridization (ISH) with a biotinylated DNA probe for CMV sequences were used. The detection system for both ICC and ISH was streptavidin-conjugated alkaline phosphatase with Fast Red TR chromogen. CMV was detected in only 10 of the 78 kidneys examined (12.8%): eight by both methods, one by ISH only, and another by ICC only. All 10 positive kidneys were obtained from autopsies of patients with AIDS. The average number of positive cells (in approximately 15 x 10 mm sections) was 22 with ICC and 10 with ISH. Glomerular intracapillary cells (possibly endothelial cells) were the most commonly stained, followed by positive cells in the interstitium and peritubular capillaries. Relatively few tubular epithelial cells were stained. The majority of positive cells by either ICC or ISH did not show nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusions; however, only two of the 10 positive kidneys did not contain cells with typical Cowdry type-A intranuclear CMV inclusions. The most frequent pathologic finding in the kidneys positive for CMV by either ICC or ISH was acute tubular necrosis (in six of 10, 60%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Is cytomegalovirus associated with renal disease in AIDS patients? 132 3

Retroviruses encode a protein, the integrase (IN), that is required for insertion of the viral DNA into the host cell chromosome. IN alone can carry out the integration reaction in vitro. The reaction involves endonucleolytic cleavage near the 3' ends of both viral DNA strands (the processing step), followed by joining of these new viral DNA ends to host DNA (the joining step). Based on their evolutionary conservation, we have previously identified at least 11 amino acid residues of IN that may be essential for the reaction. Here we report that even conservative replacements of one of these residues, an invariant serine, produce severe reductions in both the processing and joining activities of Rous sarcoma virus IN in vitro. Replacement of the analogous serine of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus IN had similar effects on processing activity. These results suggest that this single conserved serine is a component of the active site and that one active site is used for both processing and joining. Replacement of this serine with certain amino acids resulted in a loss or reduction in DNA binding activities, while other replacements at this position appeared to affect later steps in catalysis. All of the defective Rous sarcoma virus INs were able to compete with the wild-type protein, which supports a model in which IN functions in a multimeric complex.
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PMID:Requirement for a conserved serine in both processing and joining activities of retroviral integrase. 132 18

The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma was examined. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) extracted from 12 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tumors was used as substrate for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Targets for amplification were the EBNA-1 region of EBV, the gag region of HIV, and a single copy cellular sequence as a control. The cases studied were autopsy and surgical specimens collected between the years 1985 and 1989. By the working formulation for non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, five had large cell, four had mixed large and small cleaved cell, two had small cleaved cell, and one had an unclassified histology. Epstein-Barr virus was detected in 6 of 12 tumors studied. Human immunodeficiency virus was not detected in any of the tumors. The presence of EBV was not correlated with any particular histologic tumor type. It is concluded that EBV, not HIV, can be detected in a large percentage (50%) of AIDS-related primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphomas. This viral association may be significant in light of the demonstrated ability of EBV to induce lymphoid tumors in experimental mammalian systems.
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PMID:Epstein-Barr and human immunodeficiency viruses in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related primary central nervous system lymphoma. 132 21

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The proper recognition of CMV-infected cells in gastrointestinal mucosal biopsies is critical so that effective therapy is not delayed, preventing further viral dissemination. Although the pathology criteria for classic CMV inclusions have been well described, the occurrence of morphologically atypical inclusions has been reported but the inclusions are not well characterized. This study prospectively examined the relative frequency of classic and atypical CMV inclusions in gastrointestinal mucosal biopsy specimens from 13 human immunodeficiency virus-positive symptomatic patients. The results demonstrated that classic inclusions were rarely found, including four esophageal, one gastric, and one colonic biopsy specimens in which none were seen. However, atypical CMV inclusions were identified from all biopsy specimens examined; these inclusions were much more numerous than classic inclusions and could be categorized into three morphologic types. The atypical inclusions were difficult to precisely identify as CMV-infected cells, but in situ DNA hybridization for CMV was valuable in establishing their viral origin, thus permitting the correct etiologic diagnosis.
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PMID:Atypical cytomegalovirus inclusions in gastrointestinal biopsy specimens from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: diagnostic role of in situ nucleic acid hybridization. 132 7

Many studies indicate a strong association of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans with localized juvenile periodontitis. Species associated with adult periodontitis include Bacteroides forsythus, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, A. actinomycetemcomitans, and Wolinella recta. Capnocytophaga species may be important in pubertal gingivitis. An unnamed spirochete related to Treponema pallidum has been identified in acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis lesions. Species isolated from prepubertal periodontitis, peri-implantitis, pericoronitis, and human immunodeficiency virus gingivitis and periodontitis are similar to those isolated from periodontal and gingival infections. Species identification in combination with clinical characteristics facilitates periodontal diagnosis. DNA probes, immunoassays, and benzoyl-arginine naphthylamide reactivity methods can be used to indicate putative pathogens in plaque samples. Microbial identification aids in antibiotic selection and planning a treatment regimen.
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PMID:Microbial etiology of periodontal diseases. Where are we? Where are we going? 132 46


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