Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Carbovir is a novel carbocyclic guanosine derivative that has potent in vitro activity against human immunodeficiency virus, the causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Two methods of sample preparation were developed for the analysis of carbovir in rat blood. Solid-phase extraction on C18 extraction columns proved to be the most effective. Whole rat blood (200 microliters) was diluted with 0.8 ml of distilled water containing the internal standard. After two freeze-thaw cycles to lyse the red blood cells and subsequent centrifugation at 13,000 g, the supernatant was loaded on the C18 extraction columns. Carbovir and the internal standard were eluted with methanol-water (60:40). The extract was evaporated and reconstituted in mobile phase and the samples were injected onto a high-capacity reversed-phase column. The compounds were detected at 252 nm. Other nucleosides that could be used in the treatment of AIDS such as zidovudine and acyclovir did not interfere. Standard curves were linear over the concentration range 0.156-28.0 micrograms/ml (r2 greater than 0.99). The within-day coefficient of variation was less than 7.6% at all concentrations (n = 4). The between-day coefficient of variation ranged from 16.7 to 2.0% (n = 14). The limit of sensitivity was 0.05 micrograms/ml with a 200-microliters blood sample and the average extraction recovery was 74%. Carbovir was stable in rat blood for at least 4 h at 37 degrees C. The assay was used to determine the blood levels of carbovir in a rat after a 20 mg/kg intravenous dose.
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PMID:Liquid chromatographic assay of carbovir, a carbocyclic nucleoside active against human immunodeficiency virus. 275 56

Two cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients who were diagnosed by the aspiration-lung-biopsy. They were treated with 4 mg/kg of pentamidine isethionate intravenously administered followed by pentamidine aerosol inhalation. Although clinical and laboratory findings were improved by the fifth or seventh day of intravenous therapy, substantial leukocytopenia, from 3,000/cmm to 600/cmm and from 2,700/cmm to 1,000/cmm, occurred. At this point, the method of pentamidine administration was switched to inhalation. Pentamidine 600 mg in 30 ml distilled water was aerosolised using ultrasonic nebuliser and exposed for a 30-minute period once daily. In both cases, chest x-rays showed improvements: The disappearance of P. carinii were obtained in two weeks. Mild coughing was the sole adverse reaction encountered during the course of aerosol inhalation.
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PMID:Two cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia occurred in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients: supplemental treatment with aerosolised pentamidine isethionate. 278

There is now an increased awareness of the risk of transmission of viral infections via blood and saliva after the publicity given to the human immunodeficiency viruses responsible for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The herpesviruses have been found in blood, in blood products, and in saliva, and information with respect to these routes of transmission is convincing. Although hepatitis A virus is spread predominantly by water contaminated with feces (fecal-oral route), the virus is also found in saliva. On these grounds alone, these viruses must be considered a potential hazard in dentistry. Information in regard to the actual risks of their transmission in the context of dental practice is not yet available, primarily because a high proportion of infections are asymptomatic. Serologic studies of their prevalence suggest that all are widespread in the population. They are particularly common in many of the groups known to be at high risk for hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus, including promiscuous homosexuals, bisexuals, and intravenous drug abusers. In addition, pregnant women and their babies are particularly at risk from the herpesviruses. It is important to identify members of these high-risk groups as a potential source of transmission of infection through dental practice and in addition, it is important to identify them because they are prone to chronic sequelae.
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PMID:Review of the herpesviruses and hepatitis A: the potential hazards in dental care. 282 85

We report here the results of a survey of 308 intravenous drug abusers recruited from hospital-based methadone maintenance or drug detoxification programmes located in Manhattan, New York City. Complete interviews and serological analyses for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) using both enzyme-linked immunosorbent and Western blot assays were obtained from 290 (94%) of the subjects. HIV antibodies were found by both assays in 147 (50.7%) of the tested subjects; conflicting results were found in three (1%) of the subjects; and negative results on both tests were found in 140 (48.3%) of the subjects. Logistic regression analysis identified significant relative risks for HIV infection associated with the frequency of drug injection and the proportion of injections in 'shooting galleries'. Additional risk among men was associated with a history of homosexual relations. Traditional efforts taken by subjects to clean syringes between uses, such as washing with water or alcohol, showed no evidence of being protective. Programmes aimed at prevention of HIV infection should focus on reducing use of shooting galleries and sharing of needles and syringes as well as reducing intravenous drug abuse generally.
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PMID:Risk factors for infection with human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug abusers in New York City. 312 88

Dicroceliasis is an unusual zoonotic trematode infection caused by the lancet liver fluke, Dicrocoelium dendriticum. Grazing herbivores (usually sheep or cattle) are the definitive hosts. The life cycle proceeds through two intermediate hosts: the land snail and the field ant. Human infection is acquired by consuming the field ant. This case report describes a human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patient who presumably acquired this parasite from bottled water contaminated with ants. A brief discussion of the parasitology, pathology, clinical findings and treatment is presented.
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PMID:Dicroceliasis (lancet fluke disease) in an HIV seropositive man. 333 79

Pityrosporum and Candida-yeasts are opportunistic pathogens and infections require predisposing factors. These factors are also of major importance in treatment and the reason for recurrence and sometimes chronicity of the disease caused by these yeasts. Pityrosporum orbiculare and P.ovale are both lipophilic, probably identical, and both are members of the normal human cutaneous flora. In pityriasis versicolor they change from the blastospore form to the mycelial form. My favourite treatment for pityriasis versicolor is propylene glycol 50% in water applied with a gauze pad twice daily for 2 weeks. This will clear 95-100%. Other treatment modalities are: zinc pyrithione shampoo, selenium sulfide shampoo and the imidazoles. For extensive cases, patients who frequently relapse, and infections refractary to other treatments ketoconazole orally may be an effective alternative both therapeutically and prophylactically. In another disease caused by these yeasts, Pityrosporum folliculitis, both propylene glycol and ketoconazole are effective. Although Candida species are only seldom found on normal-looking skin predisposing factors are still the main reason for disease. Under the influence of these factors the organism changes from the blastospore to the mycelial form. The main predisposing factors important to control are: occlusion, underlying skin diseases, diabetes mellitus and immunodeficiency diseases. The imidazoles in a cream vehicle are very effective for many infections and applied for 2-3 weeks they will clear most lesions. The addition of a corticosteroid to the imidazole will not shorten the time of treatment but will give a more prompt symptomatic relief. In extensive cutaneous lesions and lesions refractary to other treatments ketoconazole is an effective alternative.
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PMID:Current treatment of cutaneous Pityrosporum and Candida-infections. 345 38

The immunomodulatory action of a nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and a toxic diphosphoryl lipid A (DPL) fraction derived from endotoxins of the heptoseless mutants of bacteria were studied. Both derivatives retained the ability characteristic of lipopolysaccharides, i.e., to enhance antibody formation in young adult mice when injected along with antigen and suppress antibody production when given 1 day before antigen. In aging mice, a model of immunodeficiency, a marked restoration of antibody formation was observed when antigen was injected together with either MPL or DPL. Levels of antibody in the aging mice became comparable with those observed in young adult mice. Moreover, both MPL and DPL enhanced antibody production significantly in the endotoxin low-responder mouse strains C3H/HeJ and C57Bl/10 ScN, whereas phenol-water-extracted endotoxin from an Rd mutant was ineffective. MPL and DPL also acted as suppressive agents when administered prior to antigen in the C3H/HeJ strain. Thus, the results from these studies show that the toxic properties of lipid A can be removed without eliminating immunomodulating activity and certain forms of lipid A can overcome the immunologic lesions of immunodeficient and hyporesponsive animals.
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PMID:The adjuvant properties of a nontoxic monophosphoryl lipid A in hyporesponsive and aging mice. 358 13

Our aim was to develop a recombinant replication-defective adenovirus suitable for the vaccination of cats against feline immunodeficiency virus. We first demonstrated that this vector was able to transfer a marker gene (E. coli beta-galactosidase) in feline cells in vitro. We then constructed an adenovirus type 5 expressing the Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) envelope (ENV) gene of the Wo isolate in the absence of the rev gene (Ad-ENV-Wo). Ad-ENV-Wo was then tested in four cats in a 3 injections scheme (at day 0, day 30 and day 210). Four other control cats received Ad-gp50, a similar recombinant adenovirus expressing gp50 (Ad-gp50) of pseudorabies virus (PRV). Viruses were formulated in two different kind of oil adjuvants (water/oil and water/oil/water), a protocol previously shown to enhance the immune response against the virus-induced protein. The control cats developed neutralizing antibodies against PRV, demonstrating the potency of recombinant human adenovirus 5 (Ad5) as a vector in cats. Antibody responses appeared after the first injection and were higher with the water/oil/water formulation than with the water/oil controls. However, none of the four cats vaccinated with Ad-ENV-Wo developed antibodies against two peptides of the envelope protein. Animals were challenged with 20 infectious doses 50% of the strain Wo. All of them developed antibodies against FIV within 4 to 5 weeks, and FIV virus could be isolated from all.
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PMID:Immunization trial of cats with a replication-defective adenovirus type 5 expressing the ENV gene of feline immunodeficiency virus. 748 52

Zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT), a drug used in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), blocks reverse transcriptase and therefore inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. We carried out an ultrastructural and histoenzymatic study in rat cardiac muscle. Groups of animals (3 rats per group) were given drinking water with or without AZT (1 or 2 mg AZT/ml). After 30, 60 and 120 days, the hearts were studied by light and electron microscopy. Histochemical analysis of isocitrate, succinic, malic, NADH and NADPH dehydrogenase activities revealed no changes in AZT-treated rats compared with control rats. The ultrastructural study showed a disruption of cristae and an increased size of mitochondria in rats treated with AZT for 30- and 60-days. No alterations were observed in rats that received the 120-day treatment. A statistical analysis based on electron micrographs demonstrated a time-dependent ratio between intact and disrupted mitochondria. Rats that received AZT for 30 days showed a higher number of abnormal mitochondria than rats that received the 60 day treatment. No differences with respect to rat controls were observed in the rats that received AZT for 120 days. We conclude that AZT-induced ultrastructural alterations in cardiac muscle did not modify the histochemical activity of several mitochondrial enzymes.
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PMID:Histochemical and ultrastructural changes induced by zidovudine in mitochondria of rat cardiac muscle. 753 28

The 24-amino-acid peptide RP135 (NNTRKSIRIQRGPGRAFVTIGKIG) corresponds in its amino acid sequence to the principal neutralizing determinant of the human immunodeficiency virus type-1, IIIB isolate (HIV-1IIIB, residues 308-331 of the envelope glycoprotein gp120). In order to map the antigenic determinant recognized by 0.5 beta, the complex of RP135 with an anti-gp120 HIV neutralizing antibody, 0.5 beta, which cross reacts with the peptide, was studied by using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. A combination of homonuclear Hartmann Hahn two-dimensional experiment and roating-frame Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy of the Fab/peptide complex measured in H2O was used to eliminate the resonances of the Fab and the tightly bound peptide residues and to obtain sequential assignments for those parts of the peptide which retain considerable mobility upon binding. In this manner, a total of 14 residues (Ser6-Thr19) were shown to be part of the antigenic determinant recognized by the antibody 0.5 beta. Lys5 and Ile20 were found to retain considerable mobility in the bound peptide while their amide protons undergo significant change in chemical shift upon binding. This observation suggests that these two residues are at the boundaries of the determinant recognized by the antibody. Competitive binding experiments using truncated peptides strongly support the NMR observations.
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PMID:NMR mapping of the antigenic determinant recognized by an anti-gp120, human immunodeficiency virus neutralizing antibody. 753 73


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