Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Zidovudine (azidothymidine (AZT)) inhibits human immunodeficiency virus replication, prolongs survival, and delays progression of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. We determined AZT-induced molecular and ultrastructural changes in the rat heart. Rats (3 per group) were given drinking water with or without AZT (0.2 to 1.0 mg/ml; 29 to 102 mg/kg/day). After 21, 35, or 49 days, hearts were glutaraldehyde-fixed by abdominal aortic perfusion, processed, and examined by transmission electron microscopy. In parallel, myocardial RNA was extracted from hearts (AZT dose: 1 mg/ml; 35 days) and subjected to Northern analysis using cDNA probes for: alpha c-actin, troponin C, mitochondrial creatine kinase and malate dehydrogenase, a portion of the mitochondrial genome containing cytochrome b coding region (pMM26), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Results showed marked and widespread cardiac mitochondrial swelling with fractured and disrupted cristae after 35 days of 1 mg/ml AZT. After a 14-day recovery, these ultrastructural defects did not reverse. Changes were not present in myocardium after 21 days of AZT nor after 35 days of lower dose AZT (0.2 mg/ml). Mitochondrial cytochrome b mRNA expression was depressed in AZT-treated rat hearts (35 days; 1 mg/ml AZT). mRNAs encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, alpha c-actin, troponin C, mitochondrial creatine kinase, malate dehydrogenase, and mitochondrial ribosomal RNAs remained unchanged. AZT disrupts cardiac mitochondrial ultrastructure and expression of mitochondrial cytochrome b mRNA in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. The mechanism of AZT cardiotoxicity may relate to inhibition of mitochondrial DNA replication (at the level of DNA polymerase gamma) as postulated by others.
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PMID:Mitochondrial ultrastructural and molecular changes induced by zidovudine in rat hearts. 171 47

Multimodality and differentiated treatment of small-intestinal diseases is to combine methods of etiological action with pathogenetic treatment of the main clinical syndromes: chronic diarrhea, malabsorption syndrome, hypercatabolic exudative enteropathy. Each nosological form should be treated specifically. Pathogenetic treatment involves diet therapy, chemotherapeutic correction of metabolic processes (vitamin administration, recovery of normal protein and lipid metabolism, water and electrolyte balance, anemia), management of chronic diarrhea. Treatment regimens are specified for gluten enteropathies, total variable immunodeficiency, Whipple disease, small-intestinal diverticulosis, Crohn's disease, amyloidoses, intestinal lymphoma and retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Clinical experience justifies the above methods as highly effective.
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PMID:[Treatment of chronic diseases of the small intestine]. 172 19

To detect the earliest structural changes in the brain in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, 118 gay men and 115 parenteral drug users enrolled in a study of the natural history of HIV infection underwent magnetic resonance imaging evaluations. Routine T2-weighted and heavily T2-weighted scans for quantification of brain water were obtained, blinded to HIV serostatus. Atrophy and foci of increased signal did not correlate with any medical, immunologic, neurologic, or neuropsychologic parameters in the group as a whole, or in the gay men or parenteral drug user subgroups. Three subjects had progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and one had central nervous system lymphoma. In a subgroup in whom intracranial water percent was calculated, correlations were found with CD4 counts and CD4/CD8 ratios. We conclude that standard magnetic resonance imaging of the brain does not differentiate asymptomatic and mildly symptomatic HIV-positive individuals from HIV-negative individuals, regardless of risk group. However, intracranial water percent may distinguish HIV-positive from HIV-negative individuals because it correlates with raw CD4 counts and CD4/CD8 ratios.
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PMID:A prospective controlled study of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in gay men and parenteral drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 172 62

Two synthetic peptides corresponding to the N- and C-terminal halves of a 23 amino acid sequence representing an immunodominant domain of the simian immunodeficiency virus of macaque origin (SIVmac) were examined for conformational preferences in aqueous solution by proton nuclear magnetic resonance methods. The two constituent peptides, termed A12-7 (Ala597-Ile-Glu-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Gln-Ala-Gln607) and A12-9 (Leu608-Asn-Ala-Trp-Gly-Cys-Ala-Phe-Arg-Gln-Val-Ser619), were found to contain a considerable conformational preference for states in which the backbone phi and psi angles populate the alpha region of the Ramachandran plot. Further, for peptide A12-9, the types and intensities of the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) connectivities between protons in the polypeptide backbone suggest that these states appear to include helical turns. The temperature dependence of the amide proton chemical shifts indicates that some degree of intramolecular hydrogen bonding occurs in these peptides. These results are consistent with a model in which immunogenic peptides which induce antibodies reactive with the intact protein from which the peptide sequence was derived contain conformational preferences in water solution for states other than the extended-chain forms typically found in "random coil" peptides.
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PMID:Immunogenic peptides corresponding to the dominant antigenic region alanine-597 to cysteine-619 in the transmembrane protein of simian immunodeficiency virus have a propensity to fold in aqueous solution. 173 4

A new method, "laser magnet immunoassay" (LMIA), has been developed for sensitive detection of viral antigens. Target viruses captured on microbeads were made to react with antibodies labeled with magnetite particles. In a magnetic field, magnetically labeled antigens dispersed in water were attracted to and concentrated at one point on the surface, resulting in the lifting up of a small surface area. A laser beam which was incident on the point reflected, making an interference fringe. The intensity of the fringe indicates the amount of the magnetite conjugated with antigen. A very low concentration of antigens, such as 5 particles of influenza virus and 0.1 pg/ml of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) p24 antigen in human serum, could be detected by this method. Application of this method to diagnoses of viral diseases in early stages is discussed.
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PMID:Sensitive detection of viral antigens with a new method, "laser magnet immunoassay". 180 69

3'-Deoxythymidin-2'-ene (d4T) is a potent and selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus replication in a variety of human cell types and is currently undergoing phase I clinical trials for the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. As part of our ongoing studies of the cellular pharmacology of d4T, and in light of recent reports in which such nucleoside analogs as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine were shown to permeate cells by the unusual mechanism of nonfacilitated diffusion, we have investigated the uptake of d4T in the human lymphocyte cell line H9. Several lines of evidence suggest that d4T permeation of H9 cells occurs by nonfacilitated diffusion; 1) [3H]d4T influx was linear for the first 10 sec and was nonconcentrative, reaching equilibrium with the extracellular drug concentration in 2-3 min, 2) the initial rates of influx were a linear function of concentration over the range from 1 microM to 5 mM, with no sign of uptake by a saturable mechanism, and 3) the uptake of [3H]d4T was insensitive to the nucleoside transport inhibitors nitrobenzylthioinosine and dipyridamole, as well as a large molar excess of AZT, thymidine, or adenosine. The octanol/water partition coefficient of d4T was 0.179, intermediate between those of thymidine and AZT. Thus, d4T does not appear to be a substrate for the nucleoside transport system responsible for the uptake of physiological nucleosides as well as most nucleoside analogs, and it enters the cell by nonfacilitated diffusion.
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PMID:3'-Deoxythymidin-2'-ene permeation of human lymphocyte H9 cells by nonfacilitated diffusion. 184 98

Norepinephrine response to a cold pressor test was investigated in 95 homosexual men in a longitudinal study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The baseline data obtained from 76 HIV+ and 19 HIV- subjects are included in this report. After the insertion of a venicatheter and following a 30 min rest, subjects immersed one of their hands in ice water for 2 min, and serial blood samples were obtained for the determination of catecholamine levels. The results show that the norepinephrine response in HIV+ subjects compared to that of HIV- subjects was blunted. Examination of the responses using linear and quadratic orthogonal polynomials suggested that these differences between the two groups were primarily a function of their rate of increase in norepinephrine levels. It was observed also that in HIV+ subjects, norepinephrine level peaked earlier than that in HIV- subjects. The data suggest that autonomic dysfunction is present in the early stages of HIV infection.
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PMID:Norepinephrine response in early HIV infection. 185 90

Secondary infectious diseases contribute substantially to morbidity and mortality of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The authors developed comprehensive, practical recommendations for prevention of infectious complications in HIV-infected people. Recommendations are concerned with the pathogens that are more common or more severe in HIV-infected people. Several infectious complications can be prevented by avoiding ingestion of contaminated food or water. Zoonoses can be prevented by precautions to be taken in contacts with animals. The risk of several fungal diseases can be reduced if activities likely to lead to inhalation of spores are avoided. HIV-infected people should be advised how to lower adverse health effects of travel, especially international travel. The potential for infectious complications of sexual activity and illicit drug use should be stressed, and recommendations to reduce the risk are discussed. Recommendations for use of vaccines in HIV-infected people are reviewed. Blood CD4+ lymphocyte concentrations, tuberculin skin testing, Toxoplasma serology, and sexually transmitted disease screening should be performed in certain subsets of HIV-infected people. Guidelines for chemoprophylaxis against Pneumocystis carinii and tuberculosis are presented. Recent data suggest that intravenous immunoglobulin therapy may prevent bacterial infections in HIV-infected children.
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PMID:Preventing secondary infections among HIV-positive persons. 191 Jan 84

A polyoxomolybdoeuropate PM-104 (NH4)12H2[Eu4(MoO4)(H2O)16(Mo7O24)4].13H2O was found to be a potent inhibitor of the growth of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). On the basis of TI50 [median cytotoxic concentration (CC50)/median effective concentration (EC50)], the in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity of PM-104 is favorably comparable to that of a heteropolyoxotungstate PM-19 K7[PTi2W10O40].6H2O, which is one of the most potent HIV-1 inhibitors among the polyoxometalates so far tested. The heteropolyoxomolybdate with a potent anti-HIV-1 activity is introduced for the first time in this communication.
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PMID:Antiviral activity of polyoxomolybdoeuropate PM-104 against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 193 91

A method is described for detection of nonoxynol in condoms, based on methanol-water extraction followed by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Using this method, we found that approximately 50% of the nonionic surfactant lubricant nonoxynol migrated into elastomers (rubber latex), resulting in a concentration of nonoxynol insufficient to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (less than 0.05%). In order to minimize the risk of sexual transmission of HIV, and to ensure spermicidal effect and optimal rubber properties, the concentration of nonoxynol in condoms, therefore, should either be increased, or nonoxynol should be packed separately. Further studies are needed to clarify and determine the solubility and migration of nonoxynols into elastomers.
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PMID:Evaluation of the amount of nonoxynol available in condoms for the inhibition of HIV using a method based on HPLC. 196 70


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