Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to further characterize the interaction of human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) with the CD4 receptor at the molecular level, a binding test was performed using iodine-labeled glycoproteins, 125I-gp160 from HIV-1 and 125I-gp140 from HIV-2, to bind to lymphoid cells expressing the CD4 receptor. The inhibition of binding of the radiolabeled glycoproteins to CD4+ cells by increasing concentrations of nonradiolabeled gp160 or gp140 was used to determine the affinity of the interaction between the glycoproteins and CD4. The gp-CD4 association occurs with a high affinity: K0.5 gpHIV-1 = 9 x 10(-9) M and K0.5 gpHIV-2 = 7 x 10(-8) M, indicating that the affinity of the interaction between HIV-2 gp140 and CD4 is 10 times lower than that observed with HIV-1 gp160. The N-linked glycans of the HIV-1 and HIV-2 glycoproteins account for a high proportion of their molecular mass (about 50%). Total deglycosylation of gp160 and gp140 by enzymatic treatment with Endo F-N glycanase occurred under nondenaturing conditions, indicating the high accessibility of the N-linked glycan chains in the three-dimensional structure of the molecule. Moreover, the deglycosylated proteins retained a significant binding capacity to CD4. These results show that the carbohydrate chains of HIV-2 gp140, as those of HIV-1 gp160, do not play a major role in the gp-CD4 interaction.
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PMID:Study of the interaction of HIV-1 and HIV-2 envelope glycoproteins with the CD4 receptor and role of N-glycans. 151 10

Individuals who are infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are known to have a high incidence of autoantibodies. In this study, serum samples from 100 individuals with HIV infection were tested for granulocyte antibodies (red cell antibodies, lymphocytotoxic antibodies, circulating immune complexes, and serum immunoglobulin G levels) by granulocyte agglutination (GA) and granulocyte immunofluorescence (GIF) assays. Granulocyte antibodies were detected in 66% of serum samples by GIF and in 21% of serum samples by GA. None of the positive sera reacted with granulocyte antigens of known specificity. Antibodies that reacted with red cell antigens other than ABO were detected in only three serum samples, but lymphocytotoxic antibodies were detected in 62% of patients. All serum samples were tested by immunoblotting with granulocyte plasma membranes. Only two samples were found to be positive; one sample reacted with a 58 kd protein and one reacted with a 55 kd protein, but neither serum sample immunoprecipitated any protein from granulocytes that were labeled at the cell surface with iodine 125. Since immune complexes that are bound to granulocyte membranes can be detected by GIF, circulating immune complex levels were measured in all 100 samples. Immune complexes were increased in GIF-reactive serum samples compared with GIF-nonreactive serum samples (23.3 +/- 19.5 micrograms Eq/ml [mean +/- SD] vs 9.6 +/- 8.1 micrograms Eq/ml, p less than 0.001) but not in GA-reactive serum samples compared with GA-nonreactive sera (24.4 +/- 21.3 micrograms Eq/ml versus 16.9 +/- 16.0 micrograms Eq/ml, p = 0.10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Antibodies to granulocytes in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 159 18

Owing to similarities between human immunodeficiency virus and feline retroviruses, the feline model was chosen for the study to investigate the efficacy of timely topical treatment of accidental human immunodeficiency virus infection in the operating room. Cats were subcutaneously inoculated with either feline leukemia virus or feline immunodeficiency virus. An effort was made to neutralize the virus in loco either by infiltration of the inoculation site with povidone-iodine or with monoclonal antibodies, or by cauterization and excision. The animals were periodically monitored for feline leukemia virus antigens or for feline immunodeficiency virus antibodies. The results indicated that in the feline model, the development of generalized virus infection may be prevented by local measures if applied immediately.
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PMID:Prevention of retrovirus infection after injury with contaminated instruments: an experimental study. 164 94

Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus reverse transcriptase is currently considered a useful approach in the prophylaxis and intervention of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and natural products have not been extensively explored as inhibitors of this enzyme. We currently report that the reverse transcriptase assay developed for the detection of the enzyme in virions involving polyadenylic acid.oligodeoxythymidylic acid (poly rA.oligo dT) and radiolabeled thymidine 5'-triphosphate (TTP), can be applied as a simple method for screening the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT) inhibitory potential of natural products. As reported herein, 156 pure natural products have been examined in this system. Benzophenanthridine alkaloids such as faragaronine chloride [1] and nitidine chloride, which are known inhibitors of avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase, demonstrated potent activity in the HIV-1 RT system, and 1 (IC50 10 micrograms/ml) was adopted as a positive-control substance. Additional inhibitors found were columbamine iodide [2] and other protoberberine alkaloids, the isoquinoline alkaloid O-methylpsychotrine sulfate [3], and the iridoid fulvoplumierin [4]. A number of indolizidine, pyrrolizidine, quinolizidine, indole, and other alkaloids, as well as compounds of many other structural classes, were tested and found to be inactive. A total of 100 plant extracts have also been evaluated, and 15 of these extracts showed significant inhibitory activity. Because tannins and other polyphenolic compounds are potent reverse transcriptase inhibitors, methods were evaluated for the removal of these from plant extracts prior to testing. Polyphenolic compounds were found to be responsible for the activity demonstrated by the majority of plant extracts. After appropriate tannin removal procedures were established, the bioassay system was shown to be generally applicable to both pure natural products and plant extracts. The method also proved useful in directing an isolation procedure with Plumeria rubra to yield fulvoplumierin [4] as an active compound (IC50 45 micrograms/ml).
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PMID:Evaluation of natural products as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. 171 Jun 53

A 49-yr-old homosexual man with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome presented with a left-sided neck mass. He was found to have a firm goiter. He was clinically euthyroid, but had laboratory evidence of primary hypothyroidism. Radioactive iodine scan of the thyroid showed homogeneous uptake over an enlarged right lobe and absence of uptake over the left lobe. Two fine needle aspiration biopsies of the thyroid revealed the presence of Pneumocystis carinii (P. carinii) organisms on the Gomori's methenamine silver strain. After courses of iv and oral therapy with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, a third fine needle aspiration biopsy failed to reveal any organisms. A repeated radioactive iodine scan of the thyroid showed return of uptake over the left lobe. Thyroid function tests normalized with levothyroxine, and the goiter decreased in size. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hypothyroidism associated with P. carinii infection of the thyroid. P. carinii infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infected individuals presenting with cold thyroid nodules. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is a valuable tool in assessing these patients.
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PMID:Pneumocystis carinii infection of the thyroid in a hypothyroid patient with AIDS: diagnosis by fine needle aspiration biopsy. 199 26

A 38-yr-old male with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome developed neck pain in association with mild hyperthyroidism and a diffusely enlarged thyroid gland. Radioactive iodine scanning was consistent with thyroiditis, and biopsy of the thyroid demonstrated the presence of pneumocystis carinii in thyroid tissue. Treatment with pentamidine followed by trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole led to rapid normalization of thyroid size in association with the development of hypothyroidism. This case illustrates the natural history of pneumocystis carinii thyroiditis and suggests that thyroid disease be added to the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus-associated endocrine dysfunction.
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PMID:Thyroiditis as the presenting manifestation of disseminated extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection. 222 22

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) perfusion brain scans with iodine-123 isopropyl iodoamphetamine (IMP) were obtained in 12 subjects who acknowledged using cocaine on a sporadic to a daily basis. The route of cocaine administration varied from nasal to intravenous. Concurrent abuse of other drugs was also reported. None of the patients were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Brain scans demonstrated focal defects in 11 subjects, including seven who were asymptomatic, and no abnormality in one. Among the findings were scattered focal cortical deficits, which were seen in several patients and which ranged in severity from small and few to multiple and large, with a special predilection for the frontal and temporal lobes. No perfusion deficits were seen on I-123 SPECT images in five healthy volunteers. Focal alterations in cerebral perfusion are seen commonly in asymptomatic drug users, and these focal deficits are readily depicted by I-123 IMP SPECT.
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PMID:Cerebral abnormalities in cocaine abusers: demonstration by SPECT perfusion brain scintigraphy. Work in progress. 238 42

Eleven povidone-iodine-containing products (Betadine) and chlorhexidine gluconate solution were tested for their ability to inactivate human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a cell culture system. All Betadine products completely inactivated the virus at povidone-iodine concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.5% (10- to 20-fold dilutions of stock) except for Betadine Lubricating Antiseptic Gel, which required 2.5% for efficacy (1:2 dilution). Chlorhexidine gluconate completely inactivated HIV at concentrations of greater than or equal to 0.2% (1:100 dilution of laboratory stock; 1:20 dilution of commercial stock). Betadine douche and medicated douche did not inactivate HIV at the concentrations recommended for clinical use (0.33% and 0.25%, respectively) but were effective at povidone-iodine concentrations of 0.5%. Inactivation appeared to be immediate since no difference in efficacy based on length of exposure to the microbicide was detected. Thus, both microbicides are highly effective at killing HIV in vitro.
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PMID:Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Betadine products and chlorhexidine. 246 3

An 8-year-old girl with combined immunodeficiency secondary to adenosine deaminase deficiency developed thyroid failure of probable autoimmune origin manifested by linear growth deceleration, marked bone-age delay, and myxedema. To our knowledge, this association has not been previously reported. Immunologic abnormalities included absolute T-cell lymphopenia and markedly reduced in vitro lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin and to alloantigen in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. The diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease was suggested by the presence of antithyroglobulin antibodies in the serum and by decreased, patchy uptake of iodine 123 on a thyroid scan. Autoimmune thyroid disease may have developed because the immunodeficient state, with its greater deficiency of suppressor/cytotoxic T cells, allowed expression of a clone of helper T lymphocytes specific for thyroidal antigens. Thus, autoimmune disease may be more common in immunodeficient states and appropriate surveillance should be instituted.
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PMID:Probable autoimmune thyroid disease and combined immunodeficiency disease. 349 Jan 77

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiological agent of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was treated with either Betadine (povidone-iodine) Solution or Betadine Surgical Scrub. HIV inactivation was analyzed using the viral reverse transcriptase assay or by observing the cytopathic effect produced in HIV-infected, H-9, T-cell cultures. The minimum effective Betadine dose was 0.25% for complete inactivation of HIV that was treated for various time intervals (immediate vortex to ten minutes). The titer of HIV stocks used in these experiments (10(5) TCID50 per mL) was greater than amounts generally detected in clinical specimens. Our results provide a rationale for the use of povidone-iodine as a topical antiseptic against HIV in the clinic or laboratory.
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PMID:Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus by Betadine. 366 19


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