Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) affects the central nervous system (CNS) in approximately 30% of infected individuals and basal ganglia structures seem to be most affected. The HIV-1-transactivating protein, Tat, has been suggested to be pathogenically relevant in HIV-1-induced neuronal injury. The abuse of methamphetamine (METH), which is great among this patient population, also affects the basal ganglia, causing degeneration of dopaminergic terminals. In previous studies, we demonstrated that coexposure to these two toxins caused a synergistic loss of striatal dopamine and binding to the dopamine transporter (DAT), suggesting a loss of dopamine terminals. Because the loss of dopamine and DAT, however, do not necessarily reflect dopamine terminal degeneration, we have used silver staining and TH immunohistochemistry to further examine this issue. We have also examined the glial reaction using GFAP as a marker of astrocyte activation and OX-42 as a marker of activated microglia. Lastly, we have begun to explore the mechanism of synergy by investigating the role that the cytokine TNF-alpha might play in Tat + METH synergy. Our data indicate that the synergistic loss of dopamine is likely the result of dopamine terminal degeneration. This injury is not a direct result of the number of activated glia but does involve TNF-alpha.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus-1 protein tat and methamphetamine interactions. 1710 16

Polypoid tongue lesions arising after bone marrow transplantation have been described. Their etiopathogenesis has been unclear, as has their relationship to similar lesions arising in other settings of chronic immunodeficiency. We identified 12 polypoid lesions (from 8 immunosuppressed patients aged 6 months to 13 years) among all tongue lesions biopsied over the course of 13 years at our institution. Clinical history, histologic and ultrastructural features, special stains (Gram, Grocott methenamine silver, acid-fast bacilli, CD34, actin, desmin, human herpesvirus-8), in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus, and cytogenetic features were studied. Immunocompromise was from bone marrow transplantation for severe combined immunodeficiency (n = 1) and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 3), hypogammaglobulinemia (n = 2), 22q11 deletion syndrome (n = 1), and asthma therapy (n = 1). Histologic examination revealed fibrous stromal cores with squamous epithelial covering and various degrees of ulceration and accompanying inflammation and granulation tissue. In 2 patients lesions were multiple in number. Fibroblasts were variably positive for smooth muscle actin and desmin and negative for CD34. Special stains, immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and ultrastructural examination identified no organisms except occasional surface bacteria. The tongue lesion from 1 patient with Down's syndrome showed t(2;9)(p11;q34)+21 (translocation not seen in peripheral blood). Another patient had constitutional del 22q11. All transplant patients had Philadelphia chromosome-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) (translocations involving 9q34 and 22q11). Patients with congenital immunosuppression had polyps arise at significantly younger ages than did patients with acquired immunosuppression. Immunosuppression-related lingual polyps are a fibroproliferative process occurring in patients with bone marrow transplantation and other immune-deficient conditions. Our findings indicate that these polyps are driven by both immunosuppression and chromosomal rearrangement.
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PMID:Immunosuppression-related fibroproliferative polyps of the tongue. 1763 30

The objective of this study was to investigate the association of human T-lymphotropic virus-type I (HTLV-I) infection with sporadic inclusion body myositis in 11 patients from an endemic area in Japan. The clinical features were consistent with sporadic inclusion body myositis, and anti-HTLV-I antibodies were present in the sera of all patients. Their muscle biopsies showed the diagnostic features of inclusion body myositis, including endomysial T-cell infiltration, rimmed vacuoles, deposits of phosphorylated tau, and abnormal filaments in the nuclei and cytoplasm of the myofibers. The fibers expressed major histocompatibility complex class I antigens and were invaded by CD8 and CD4 cells. In a single human leukocyte antigen-A2-positive patient, in situ human leukocyte antigen-A*0201 / Tax11-19-pentamer staining showed pentamer-positive cells surrounding the muscle fibers. Double-immunogold silver staining and polymerase chain reaction in situ hybridization revealed that HTLV-I proviral DNA was localized on helper-inducer T cells, but not on muscle fibers. Human T-lymphotropic virus-type I proviral loads in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from each patient were similar to those in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. This study suggests that HTLV-I infection may be one of the causes of sporadic inclusion body myositis, as has been reported in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection.
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PMID:Inclusion body myositis associated with human T-lymphotropic virus-type I infection: eleven patients from an endemic area in Japan. 1809 62

Based on gold label silver stain and coupled with multiplex asymmetric polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, we developed the visual DNA microarray for simultaneous, sensitive, and specific detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and Treponema pallidum. The 5'-end amino-modified oligonucleotides were immobilized on glass surface, which were used as the capturing probes to bind the complement biotinylated target DNA. The gold-conjugated streptavidins were introduced to the microarray for specific binding to biotin. The black image of microarray spots, which were the result from the precipitation of silver onto nanogold particles and bound to streptavidins, was visualized and accounted as the detection of biotinylated target DNA. Multiplex asymmetric PCR products of HIV-1 and T. pallidum and Bacillus subtilis (used as positive control) were performed for preparing the abundant biotinylated single-stranded target DNA of which could affect detection efficiency and sensitivity of hybridization on microarray. One hundred sixty-nine clinical samples of HIV-1 and T. pallidum from infected patients were tested using the homemade DNA microarrays. The results were identical to those shown in the assays of ELISA and fluorescence quantitative real-time PCR. Our results demonstrate that we have developed the visual gene detection technique, which is of high sensitivity and specificity; it may have potential in clinical applications.
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PMID:Visual DNA microarrays for simultaneous detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 and Treponema pallidum coupled with multiplex asymmetric polymerase chain reaction. 1976 35

To better characterize the clinical and pathologic features of granulomatous reaction to Pneumocystis jirovecii, we reviewed 20 cases of this uncommon response. Patients included 15 males and 5 females (mean age 52 y). The most common symptom was dyspnea (5 of 14). Primary medical diagnoses included human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (7 of 20), hematopoietic (6 of 20), and solid malignancies (4 of 20). Radiology findings included nodular (8 of 16) and diffuse (5 of 16) infiltrates and solitary nodules (3 of 16). Diagnostic procedures with the highest yield were open lung biopsy (13 of 20) and autopsy (5 of 20); false-negative results were most common on bronchial washings/brushings, bronchoalveolar lavage, fine needle aspiration, and transbronchial biopsy. Follow-up showed resolution of disease (6 of 13), death from disease (6 of 13), and death from unknown cause (1 of 13). Histologically, clusters of Gomori methenamine silver-positive (20 of 20) Pneumocystis organisms were identified in all cases. Organisms were identified within well (16 of 20) and poorly (4 of 20) formed necrotizing (16 of 20) and non-necrotizing (4 of 20) granulomas ranging in size from 0.1 to 2.5 cm (mean 0.5 cm); granulomas were multiple (18 of 20) or single (2 of 20). Giant cells (11 of 20), a fibrous rim (8 of 20), and eosinophils (6 of 20) were seen. Foamy eosinophilic exudates were present centrally within some granulomas (5 of 20). Cystic spaces (1 of 20) and calcification (1 of 20) were rare. Only one case demonstrated classic intra-alveolar foamy exudates containing Pneumocystis. Granulomatous P. jirovecii pneumonia occurs most commonly in males with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, hematopoietic, and solid malignancies. The diagnosis may be overlooked as conventional radiologic and pathologic features are absent. When suspected, open lung biopsy is most likely to yield diagnostic material. Attention to organism morphology avoids misdiagnosis as Histoplasma.
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PMID:Granulomatous reaction to pneumocystis jirovecii: clinicopathologic review of 20 cases. 2041

Intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) is associated with metabolic abnormalities similar to those associated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT). Increased IMAT has been found in obese human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women. We hypothesized that IMAT, like VAT, would be similar or increased in HIV-infected persons compared with healthy controls, despite decreases in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) found in HIV infection. In the second FRAM (Study of Fat Redistribution and Metabolic Change in HIV infection) exam, we studied 425 HIV-infected subjects and 211 controls (from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study) who had regional AT and skeletal muscle (SM) measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Multivariable linear regression identified factors associated with IMAT and its association with metabolites. Total IMAT was 51% lower in HIV-infected participants compared with controls (P = 0.003). The HIV effect was attenuated after multivariable adjustment (to -28%, P < 0.0001 in men and -3.6%, P = 0.70 in women). Higher quantities of leg SAT, upper-trunk SAT, and VAT were associated with higher IMAT in HIV-infected participants, with weaker associations in controls. Stavudine use was associated with lower IMAT and SAT, but showed little relationship with VAT. In multivariable analyses, regional IMAT was associated with insulin resistance and triglycerides (TGs). Contrary to expectation, IMAT is not increased in HIV infection; after controlling for demographics, lifestyle, VAT, SAT, and SM, HIV(+) men have lower IMAT compared with controls, whereas values for women are similar. Stavudine exposure is associated with both decreased IMAT and SAT, suggesting that IMAT shares cellular origins with SAT.
Obesity (Silver Spring) 2011 Feb
PMID:Intermuscular adipose tissue and metabolic associations in HIV infection. 2053 5

Karyopyknotic cytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils (KPCI) have been previously called "Howell-Jolly" like inclusions and identified in immunosuppressed patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and in patients with various malignancies who have undergone chemotherapy. Attempts to characterize these inclusions have included the Grocott's methenamine silver (GMS), periodic acid Schiff (PAS), Gram, and Feulgen stains. Previous authors have concluded that these inclusions are of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) origin. We present a case describing an additional method to confirm this observation and to document previously undescribed curvilinear forms.
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PMID:Karyopyknotic cytoplasmic inclusions in neutrophils. 2088 17

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) follows a different clinical course in Mediterranean and immunodeficiency related cases and has a poorer prognosis in the latter. We investigated 40 patients with Mediterranean and eight with immunodeficiency related KS by histomorphology and immunohistology in comparision to the clinical presentation in order to identify characteristic patterns distinctive for each of these KS forms. We also evaluated oncoprotein activation and phosphotyrosine activity. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E), Mallory's phosphotungstick acid hematoxylin (PTAH), Hotchkiss-McManus' periodic acid - Schiff reaction (PAS), Masson's trichrome, Pinkus' orcein-Giemsa, Lapham's method for myelin, Bielschowski-Gomori's silver impregnation for reticular fibres, Bodian's silver impregnation for neurofibrils, and Wartin-Starry silver impregnation for fungi and bacteria. Immunohistochemistry was performed on deparaffinated sections using the microwave technique with avidin-peroxidase and 3-amino-ethyl-carbazole for alpha smooth muscle actin, CD34, phosphotyrosine, p53, and bcl-2. Mediterranean KS was characterized by pseudocapsule formation around nodules, which has been lost in immunodeficiency related KS. The latter, additionally, showed outstanding infiltrative growth with lace-like involvement of subcutaneous fat, colonization of perineuronal-periadnexal adventitial dermis, irregular vascular lacunae encircling vessels and/or adnexa, collections of histiocytoid-like cells, intravascular papillary projections of atypical endothelia cells. Both types could further be characterized by presence of alpha smooth muscle actin and CD34 expressing cells, high levels of phosphotyrosinase in plump spindle cells and variable expression of p53, sometimes coexpressed with phosphotyrosinase indicating cellular activation. The oncoprotein bcl-2 was not detected in this tumor material. The particular clinical features of Mediterranean and immunodeficiency related forms of KS may be reflected, at least in part, in characteristic histomorphological findings.
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PMID:Mediterranean and immunodeficiency associated Kaposi's sarcoma - Does micromorphology reflect clinical patterns? 2159 45

Silver nanoparticles have demonstrated efficient inhibitory activities against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the effects of silver nanoparticles against H1N1 influenza A virus remain unexplored. In this study, the interaction of silver nanoparticles with H1N1 influenza A virus was investigated. Silver nanoparticles with mean particle diameters of 10nm were prepared for the hemagglutination inhibition test, the embryo inoculation assay, and the Mosmann-based 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, where these tests were used to determine the inhibitory activity of silver nanoparticles on H1N1 influenza A virus. MDCK cells were used as the infection model. Electron microscopy analysis and flow cytometry assay were used to determine whether silver nanoparticles could reduce H1N1 influenza A virus-induced apoptosis in MDCK cells. This study demonstrates that silver nanoparticles have anti-H1N1 influenza A virus activities. The inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on influenza A virus may be a novel clinical strategy for the prevention of influenza virus infection during the early dissemination stage of the virus.
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PMID:Inhibitory effects of silver nanoparticles on H1N1 influenza A virus in vitro. 2194 20

Recent research suggests that today's condoms are only 85% effective in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases. In response, there has been a push to develop more effective ways of decreasing the spread of the disease. The new nanotechnology-based condom holds the promise of being more potent than the first-generation products. The preliminary goal of this study was to develop a silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs)-coated polyurethane condom (PUC) and to investigate its antimicrobial potential including the inactivation of HIV and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infectiousness. The Ag-NPs-coated PUC was characterized by using ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy, high-resolution scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive analysis of X-ray spectroscopy. Nanoparticles were stable on the PUC and not washed away by water. Morphology of the PUC was retained after coating. The NP binding is due to its interaction with the nitrogen atom of the PUC. No significant toxic effects was observed when human HeLa cells, 293T and C8166 T cells were contacted to Ag-NPs-coated PUC for three hours. Interestingly, our results demonstrated that the contact of the Ag-NPs-coated PUC with HIV-1 and HSV-1/2 was able to efficiently inactivate their infectiousness. In an attempt to elucidate the antiviral action of the Ag-NPs, we have demonstrated that the anti-HIV activity was primarily mediated by the Ag-NPs, which are associated with the PUC. In addition, the data showed that both macrophage (M)-tropic and T lymphocyte (T)-tropic strains of HIV-1 were highly sensitive to the Ag-NPs-coated PUC. Furthermore, we also showed that the Ag-NPs-coated PUC was able to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi. These results demonstrated that the Ag-NPs-coated PUC is able to directly inactivate the microbe's infectious ability and provides another defense line against these sexually transmitted microbial infections.
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PMID:Inactivation of microbial infectiousness by silver nanoparticles-coated condom: a new approach to inhibit HIV- and HSV-transmitted infection. 2304 52


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