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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) strains can be separated into two types: HIV and HIV-related West African viruses. Site-directed serology using synthetic peptides offers possibilities for the determination of type-specific antibodies. A 22-amino-acid peptide with the sequence Ala-Ile-Glu-Lys-Tyr-Leu-Glu-Asp-Gln-Ala-Gln-Leu-Asn-Ala-Trp-Cys-Ala-Phe-Arg-Gln - Val-Cys representing a conserved region of the transmembranous protein of simian T-cell lymphotropic virus-type III (STLV-III; related to West African HIV) was used as antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In parallel, tests were performed with a pair of previously described peptides, including the homologous region of the glycoprotein (gp) 41 of the HIV strain HTLV-IIIB. In tests with three groups of 20 sera it was shown that the different peptide ELISAs allowed a categorical distinction of antibodies to the two types of HIV. Tests using peptide antigens may provide excellent opportunities for large-scale testing for type-specific antibodies against HIV. The tests are simple, sensitive and specific and are readily standardized.
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PMID:Discrimination between antibodies to HIV and to related retroviruses using site-directed serology. 304 Dec 32

Single nucleotide alterations were introduced into an infectious clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 to create a series of missense mutants in the tat coding region. Although mutations in a proline-rich region and a basic lysine-arginine-rich region resulted in wild-type phenotypes, five of six mutations in a cysteine-rich domain completely abolished tat activity and virus replication. One cysteine mutant retained tat activity but was negative for virus expression. Surprisingly, this mutant could not be complemented by tat, and virus expression was restored only by cotransfection with a plasmid expressing the rev gene. Another mutant with an alteration toward the C-terminal region showed significantly reduced tat activity and required complementation by a combination of tat and rev for virus replication. Further analysis revealed that a previously unrecognized splice acceptor site within this region, apparently used to generate the rev mRNA, had been altered. We provide evidence suggesting that tat and rev proteins are encoded by distinct mRNA species.
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PMID:Missense mutations in an infectious human immunodeficiency viral genome: functional mapping of tat and identification of the rev splice acceptor. 319 21

The oligopeptides Arg-Lys-Asp (TP-3), Arg-Lys-Asp-Val (TP-4), and Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr (TP-5) considered as the active short fragments of thymopoietin were administered (lo mg/kg) to C57B1 mice 24 hours before the intravenous inoculation of Lewis lung tumor (LLT) cells. A substantial decrease in lung metastasis number was observed as a result of treatment with all of the three oligopeptides. TP-3, TP-4, and TP-5 treatment decreased the immunosuppressive activity of Cyclophosphamid (240 mg/kg) given 96 hours before the inoculation of LLT cells. After thymectomy, performed eight days before the LLT inoculation, only TP-3 treatment resulted in the decrease of Cyclophosphamid immunotoxicity. A stimulating effect of TP-3 on T helper cell activity is assumed. The oligopeptides TP-3, TP-4, and TP-5 are recommended for clinical trial in case of malignant tumors and immunodeficiency.
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PMID:The effect of TP-3 (Arg-Lys-Asp), TP-4 (Arg-Lys-Asp-Val), and TP-5 on the metastatic capacity of intravenously injected Lewis lung tumor cells. 333 95

An antibody detection procedure based on agglutination of autologous red cells has been developed for samples of whole blood. A nonagglutinating monoclonal antibody to human red blood cells conjugated to a synthetic peptide antigen (in this case residues 579 to 601 of the HIV-1 envelope precursor, Arg-Ile-Leu-Ala-Val-Glu-Arg-Tyr-Leu-Lys-Asp-Gln-Gln-Leu-Leu-Gly-Ile-Trp- Gly-Cys - Ser-Gly-Lys) permitted the detection of antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in 10 microliters of whole blood within 2 minutes. Agglutination was specifically inhibited by addition of synthetic peptide antigen but not by unrelated peptides. The frequency of false positive results was 0.1% with HIV-1 seronegative blood donors (n = 874). The false negative results were approximately 1% (n = 81). The autologous red cell agglutination test is potentially suitable for simple, rapid, qualitative screening for antibodies to a variety of antigens of medical and veterinary diagnostic significance.
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PMID:Autologous red cell agglutination assay for HIV-1 antibodies: simplified test with whole blood. 341 97

Deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA) is the cause of an autosomal recessive form of immunodeficiency. We sought to define, at a molecular level, the mutations responsible for ADA deficiency in the cell line GM-1715, derived from an immunodeficient patient. Full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) for ADA was synthesized and cloned from the cell line. Sequence analysis of the clones revealed a point mutation in codon 101 (CGG to CAG) that predicts an amino acid change from arginine to glutamine. Southern blot analysis, based on silent polymorphisms in the cDNA sequence, indicated that only one of the defective alleles of the GM-1715 line had been sequenced. The mutation that was identified appears to be responsible for the loss of function in this allele, since the predicted primary structure of the enzyme is otherwise entirely normal.
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PMID:Identification of a point mutation in the adenosine deaminase gene responsible for immunodeficiency. 383 2

A tetradecapeptide, H-Arg-Lys-Asp-Val-Tyr-Val-Glu-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Gln-Ser-Leu-Thr-OH, corresponding to amino acids 32 to 45 of thymopoietin II and its six analogs by replacing the amino acid residue in position 37, was prepared. These peptides were synthesized using conventional synthesis in solution and were tested for their effect on impaired T-cell transformation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) in the common variable immunodeficiency. The tetradecapeptide had increasing activity on the T-cell transformation by PHA. Among the tetradecapeptide analogs, several analogs in which Val37 was replaced by Leu or Phe exhibited potent activity which was more than that of the parent peptide fragment. On the other hand, replacement of Val37 by Pro, beta Ala, or sarcosine had no effect at concentrations as high as 3.5 X 10(-4) M. One analog whose Val37 was replaced by Gly showed activity one-third that of the parent peptide fragment. On the basis of these results, the structure-activity relationship for the tetradecapeptide is discussed.
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PMID:Syntheses and effects of a thymopoietin II fragment and its analogs on the impaired T-cell transformation in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency. 387 89

We undertook clinical, immunologic, and endocrinologic studies of a family in which two brothers and their two maternal uncles had a similar disorder characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency. Recurrent sinopulmonary infections were a prominent feature in two patients. All patients had short stature and retarded bone age during childhood, and the adults had delayed onset of puberty. The immunodeficiency was characterized by absent specific antibody production in vivo and impaired immunoglobulin production in vitro. Three of the four patients lacked circulating B lymphocytes, even though tonsils were present in those patients. All patients had deficient growth hormone responses to insulin and arginine or levodopa. These patients have an X-linked recessive disorder, but their immunodeficiency differs from the X-linked immune disorders in the World Health Organization classification; their X-linked pattern of growth hormone deficiency, without other endocrine abnormality, is also unique.
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PMID:X-linked hypogammaglobulinemia and isolated growth hormone deficiency. 718 77

The Tat protein of bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) binds to its target RNA, TAR, and activates transcription. A 14-amino acid arginine-rich peptide corresponding to the RNA-binding domain of BIV Tat binds specifically to BIV TAR, and biochemical and in vivo experiments have identified the amino acids and nucleotides required for binding. The solution structure of the RNA-peptide complex has now been determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. TAR forms a virtually continuous A-form helix with two unstacked bulged nucleotides. The peptide adopts a beta-turn conformation and sits in the major groove of the RNA. Specific contacts are apparent between critical amino acids in the peptide and bases and phosphates in the RNA. The structure is consistent with all biochemical data and demonstrates ways in which proteins can recognize the major groove of RNA.
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PMID:Solution structure of a bovine immunodeficiency virus Tat-TAR peptide-RNA complex. 750 45

High level resistance to 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT, zidovudine or Retrovir) is conferred by the presence of four or five mutations (Met-41-->Leu; Asp-67-->Asn; Lys-70-->Arg; Thr-215-->Tyr or Phe; Lys-219-->Gln) in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) reverse transcriptase. The order of appearance of these five mutations in asymptomatic patients during therapy has been studied. This has enabled us to propose a model for the acquisition of zidovudine resistance mutations during the treatment of high-risk asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals. A consistent acquisition pattern of mutations at codons 41, 70 and 215 was observed in 17 individuals. Complex mixtures of HIV species containing different combinations of single and linked double resistance mutations were present early in zidovudine therapy in isolates from two patients studied in detail. From these mixtures the linked Leu-41/Tyr-215 genotype outgrew all others initially. The development of each new virus population is likely to be mediated primarily by the increase in the level of drug resistance rather than changes in the growth kinetics of the virus. This leads us to conclude that one major driving force in the outgrowth of different mutant viruses is the selective advantage conferred by higher levels of drug resistance.
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PMID:Zidovudine treatment results in the selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variants whose genotypes confer increasing levels of drug resistance. 750 70

The crystal structure of a complex between a 24-amino acid peptide from the third variable (V3) loop of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) gp 120 and the Fab fragment of a broadly neutralizing antibody (59.1) was determined to 3 angstrom resolution. The tip of the V3 loop containing the Gly-Pro-Gly-Arg-Ala-Phe sequence adopts a double-turn conformation, which may be the basis of its conservation in many HIV-1 isolates. A complete map of the HIV-1 principal neutralizing determinant was constructed by stitching together structures of V3 loop peptides bound to 59.1 and to an isolate-specific (MN) neutralizing antibody (50.1). Structural conservation of the overlapping epitopes suggests that this biologically relevant conformation could be of use in the design of synthetic vaccines and drugs to inhibit HIV-1 entry and virus-related cellular fusion.
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PMID:Crystal structure of the principal neutralization site of HIV-1. 751 Dec 53


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