Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Neutropenia and impairment of neutrophil function are commonly observed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. The HIV regulatory protein Tat is known to exert immunosuppressive effects. Alcohol is known also to be an immunosuppressive factor, and as alcohol abuse is common among HIV infected hosts, both factors may interact in an additive or synergistic fashion to further impair the host defenses of these patients. In order to test this possibility, endotoxin-induced neutrophil beta2-integrins CD11b and CD18 expression, phagocytosis, and hydrogen peroxide generation were examined in normal and HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mice in the absence and presence of ethanol intoxication. Acute ethanol intoxication was induced in mice (body weight of 25+/-1 g) by an intraperitoneal (ip) injection of ethanol (3 g/kg, 20% in normal saline). Thirty min later, the animals were given an ip injection of endotoxin (20 microg in 0.2 ml of saline/mouse). Vehicle-treated controls received an ip injection of saline without ethanol or endotoxin. Two hr after endotoxin administration, the animals were killed to determine neutrophil functions with flow cytometry. The baseline expression of CD11b and CD18 was similar in normal nontransgenic and Tat-transgenic mice. Endotoxin administration significantly up-regulated CD11b and CD18 expression in normal mice. This up-regulation was suppressed in Tat-transgenic mice. Ethanol intoxication inhibited endotoxin-induced CD11b and CD18 expression in normal mice and totally abolished endotoxin-induced CD11b and CD18 expression in Tat-transgenic mice. Neutrophil phagocytic activity in normal and Tat-transgenic mice was similar. Ethanol intoxication produced a similar inhibition of phagocytosis in both study groups. Endotoxin suppressed phagocytosis in normal mice, and this suppression was more pronounced in Tat-transgenic mice. Spontaneous and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated hydrogen peroxide generation by circulating neutrophils (PMNs) were similar in normal and Tat-transgenic mice. Neither ethanol nor endotoxin affected hydrogen peroxide generation by PMNs. These data show that both Tat and alcohol significantly impair PMN function, and this may be a mechanism leading to the increased susceptibility of the HIV-infected host to bacterial infection.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1998 Dec
PMID:The human immunodeficiency virus type I Tat protein potentiates ethanol-induced neutrophil functional impairment in transgenic mice. 988 49

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) formerly the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA) are revising the conditions for the use of methadone in the maintenance treatment of narcotic addicts. The final rule allows, contingent on FDA and State approval, public and nonprofit private narcotic treatment programs to provide interim maintenance treatment to patients awaiting placement in comprehensive maintenance treatment and to require all narcotic treatment programs to provide counseling on preventing exposure to, and the transmission of, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease.
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PMID:Methadone in maintenance treatment of narcotic addicts; joint revision of conditions for use; interim maintenance treatment; human immunodeficiency virus disease counseling--FDA and SAMHSA. Final rule. 1017 34

Disinfectant MRI-1 was prepared by dissolution of non-ionic and ionic detergent in ethanol. The disinfectant inactivated extracellular and intracellular enveloped and non-enveloped viruses including herpes viruses, influenza A and human immunodeficiency disease virus in suspension or on surfaces by pre-exposure or post-exposure to the disinfectant; in addition, cells were disabled as potential hosts for viral infection using concentrations of MRI-1 which were 50-fold less than the operative concentration for disinfection. There was no evidence of in vitro mutagenicity using Salmonella typhimurium or sensitization or other adverse effect in a guinea pig model or in human subjects.
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PMID:Antiviral efficacy of disinfectant solution MRI-1. 1032 33

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a clinical disorder caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after development of severe immunosuppressive changes. Chronic ethanol (EtOH) consumption accentuates the severity of murine AIDS (MAIDS). Because hormone production is often suppressed by chronic EtOH intake, as well as retrovirus infection, we investigated whether hormone supplementation during chronic EtOH consumption contributes to slowing immune dysfunction caused by LP-BM5 infection and/or EtOH use. Because dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) was previously shown to have immune-enhancing properties during MAIDS, we determined whether DHEAS reduced cytokine dysregulation otherwise exacerbated by chronic EtOH intake during MAIDS. Adult female C57BL/6 mice were infected with LP-BM5 murine retrovirus. Some were fed 40% EtOH in drinking water and agar gel for 16 weeks postinfection. EtOH consumption further inhibited T- and B-cell proliferation beyond suppression due to retrovirus infection. Interleukin (IL)-2 release produced by concanavalin A-stimulated splenocytes was reduced by EtOH use by infected and uninfected mice. DHEAS overcame much of the effects induced by retrovirus infection and/or EtOH use. IL-4 secretion and IL-6 secretion were enhanced. Hepatic vitamin E levels were decreased by murine retrovirus infection, as well as by EtOH use in both uninfected and infected mice. In addition, DHEAS (0.01%) supplementation during MAIDS prevented the further dysregulation of cytokines and hepatic lipid peroxidation due to EtOH intake, partially restored T- and B-cell proliferation, and maintained hepatic vitamin E levels to near normal levels.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999 May
PMID:Immune dysfunction during alcohol consumption and murine AIDS: the protective role of dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate. 1037 6

Patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are highly susceptible to chronic marginal periodontitis (CMP) and the lesion is generally characterized by abundant plasma cell infiltration. HIV-induced reduction of CD4+ T cells may indirectly affect local production of immunoglobulins (Ig). Gingival biopsies taken from 10 HIV+ and 12 HIV- control patients with CMP were washed, fixed in ethanol and embedded in paraffin. Sections were examined after immunohistochemical staining with monoclonal antibodies against IgA, IgA1-2, IgG, IgG1-4, IgM and IgE. Ig-containing cells were counted in 3 separate connective tissue zones (subjacent to pocket epithelium, central zone and subjacent to oral epithelium). HIV+ patients showed a remarkably increased density of all Ig-containing cells in the connective tissue zone subjacent to the oral epithelium (p<0.05) and a lower % of IgG2+ cells in the entire gingival section (p<0.05). In HIV+ patients, the density of IgG-containing cells in the gingiva was strongly correlated with the serum IgG concentration. The altered topical distribution might imply impaired restriction of the inflammatory lesion, additional antigenic challenges by unusual microorganisms in the oral cavity, or be secondary to HIV-induced dysregulation of the B-cell system.
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PMID:The gingival plasma cell infiltrate in HIV-positive patients with periodontitis is disorganized. 1038 75

Drawing upon a nationally representative survey sample of African American (AA) drug injectors and non-injectors, this study tests for a suspected causal association between dropping out of school and the occurrence of injecting drug use (IDU), which remains a major cause of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission in this population. The data are from public use files of the National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) conducted between 1991 and 1995. From within the NHSDA's nationally representative sample of adult household residents, a total of 389 AA adults with a history of IDU were matched on neighborhood of residence with 2253 AA adults with no history of IDU. The conditional form of multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risk of having injected a drug for school dropouts relative to a reference category of AA who received the high school diploma but did not go to college. AAs who dropped out of high school were an estimated two times more likely to have injected drugs. With statistical adjustment for age, sex, and Hispanic background, the estimated association was 1.9 (95% confidence interval (C.I.) = 1.3-2.6, P<0.001). Contrary to our advance hypothesis, earning the graduate equivalency certificate (GED) did not seem to affect the magnitude of excess risk for having started IDU (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.3, 95% C.I. = 1.4-3.8, P<0.001). Hence, school dropout prevention might reduce the risk of IDU per se, in addition to the many other general benefits of educational attainment. The issue of GED-associated reduced risk of IDU remains open for future study.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1999 Jun 01
PMID:Level of education and injecting drug use among African Americans. 1040 62

To assess the virus reducing capacity of Cohn's cold ethanol fractionation process for the production of intravenous (IVIg) and intramuscular (IMIg) immunoglobulin products, and treatment of these products at pH 4, a validation study of virus removal and/or inactivation was performed using both lipid-enveloped viruses [human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) and pseudorabies virus (PSR)], and non-lipid-enveloped viruses [(simian virus 40 (SV40) and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC)]. For the cold ethanol fractionation process, overall reduction factors of 3.0 logs, > or = 2.6 (< 5.5) logs, 4.6 logs, 5.8 logs and > or = 2.6 (< 6.2) logs were found for HIV, BVDV, PSR, SV40 and EMC, respectively. For all tested viruses the precipitation of fraction III from fraction II + III was the most effective step. From the overall reduction factors it appears that cold ethanol fractionation, although capable of reducing viral infectivity to a significant extent, is not sufficient to meet the requirements of regulatory bodies for viral safety of immunoglobulin products. However, pH 4 treatment contributes effectively to the viral safety of the final products. Treatment at pH 4.05 and 37 degrees C for 16 h, as is applied to IVIg, yields reduction factors of > or = 8.4 logs, > or = 4.0 logs, > or = 7.1 logs, 4.8 logs and 1.4 logs for HIV, BVDV, PSR, SV40 and EMC, respectively. The effectiveness of this process step could be enhanced by extending incubation to 40 h at pH 4.25 compared to 16 h at pH 4.05. The extended incubation, as applied in the production of IMIg, yields a reduction of infectivity of SV40 by > or = 5.5 (< 8.0) logs and of EMC by > or = 4.1 (< 7.1) logs. Storage of IMIg, which is formulated as a solution, at 2-8 degrees C also contributes to virus safety. For storage periods of 8 weeks or longer, reduction factors of 2 to 6 logs were found for all viruses, except for BVDV which remained unaffected. These data indicate that the production processes for IVIg and IMIg as described here have sufficient virus reducing capacity to achieve a high margin of virus safety.
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PMID:Virus validation of pH 4-treated human immunoglobulin products produced by the Cohn fractionation process. 1040 30

The objective of this study was to describe the methadone treatment (MT) network in Spain, and to evaluate compliance with criteria known to influence the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). During the last 3 months of 1994, a mailed questionnaire was sent to the coordinators of all methadone treatment centers in Spain. A total of 224 centers completed the questionnaire (90% response rate). The total number of patients receiving MT in the studied centers was 13,402. Their mean age was 29 years, 79% were male, and approximately 60% were HIV positive. The rate of patients in MT varied by Region (mean: 6.7 patients in MT per 10,000 inhabitants). Although the global mean of reported daily dose of methadone was 60 mg, in 44% of the centers it was lower than that. Despite the high number of centers involved with MT in Spain, the coverage by regions is unequal. Studied centers revealed only a moderate adherence to procedures considered to be effective in HIV prevention. Given the magnitude of HIV infection in Spain, there is a clear need for improvement.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1999 Aug 02
PMID:Methadone treatment in Spain, 1994. 1046 94

A polysaccharide was extracted with 1% sodium carbonate from the bark of Rhizophora mucronata and its antiviral activities against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were assessed by an in vitro cell culture system. The anti-HIV activity of the alkaline extract was mainly recovered in the 25-75% ethanol-precipitated fraction. Rhizophora mucronata polysaccharide (RMP) protected MT-4 cells from the HIV-induced cytopathogenicity and blocked the expression of HIV antigens. RMP completely inhibited the viral binding to the cell and the formation of syncytium upon cocultivation of MOLT-4/HIV-1IIIB cells and MOLT-4 cells. These results suggest that RMP inhibited early steps of the virus life cycle especially virus adsorption to the cell.
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PMID:In vitro anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity of polysaccharide from Rhizophora mucronata Poir. 1047 46

This study was undertaken to assess whether the prevalence of lower genital tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive women was higher than among high-risk HIV-seronegative women at their baseline visit for the HIV Epidemiology Research Study. Results were available for 851 HIV-seropositive and 434 HIV-seronegative women. Human papilloma virus (HPV) infection was more prevalent among HIV-seropositive women (64% vs. 28%). Bacterial vaginosis was common (35% vs. 33%), followed by trichomoniasis (12% vs. 10%), syphilis (8% vs. 6%), Chlamydia trachomatis infection (4% vs. 5%), candidal vaginitis (3% vs. 2%), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection (0.8% vs. 0.3%). Alcohol use (odds ratio [OR], 1.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1. 3-2.4) and smoking (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.3-2.5) were associated with bacterial vaginosis. Bacterial vaginosis (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.5-3.4), trichomoniasis (OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 1.1-4.7), and syphilis (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.3-7.4) were found to be more prevalent among black women. Our study showed no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of lower genital tract infections except for HPV between HIV-infected and demographically and behaviorally similar HIV-uninfected high-risk women.
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PMID:Prevalence of lower genital tract infections among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive and high-risk HIV-seronegative women. HIV Epidemiology Research Study Group. 1052 55


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