Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We devised a micro-suspension-test to evaluate disinfectants against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) and confirmed its reliability. Suspensions of persistently HIV-1-infected Molt-4 cells were used as targets of disinfectants and residual infectivity was measured by an infectivity assay: after cocultivation with uninfected Molt-4 cells reverse transcriptase activity (RTA) in the supernatant and giant cell formation (GCF) were monitored. Our new infectivity assay consists of a short-term assay, that is RTA and GCF monitoring on the second day of co-culture, and a long-term assay, that is RTA monitoring up to the 28th day of co-culture. The sensitivity of the short-term assay was 1 x 10(3) infected cells and that of the long-term assay 1 x 10(1) infected cells. All the chemical disinfectants examined in this study showed dose- and time-dependent inactivation of HIV-1. By 5-minute contact with ethanol, glutaraldehyde, formalin, sodium hypochlorite and povidone-iodine, HIV-1 was effectively inactivated at concentrations of 20, 0.01, 5, 0.05 and 0.1%, respectively. Since the micro-suspension-test is easy and sensitive, we recommend it as a method for evaluating disinfectants against HIV-1.
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PMID:A micro-suspension-test for evaluation of disinfectants against human immunodeficiency virus. 760 86

Commercially available monoclonal antibodies to Pneumocystis carinii were compared with respect to immunofluorescence staining patterns of human immunodeficiency virus-inactivated smears. Only the indirect staining kits were suitable for application to ethanol-inactivated samples. When antibodies from Dakopatts and Northumbria were compared, the staining of cysts and trophozoites showed different patterns.
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PMID:Application and staining patterns of commercial anti-Pneumocystis carinii monoclonal antibodies. 769 Mar 69

Immunomodulating properties of the bioginseng preparations (Panax ginseng), isolated from the cell culture of ginseng calluses, were studied in model experiments of acquired immunodeficiency developed as a result of long-term protein starvation or after vinblastin administration. The following preparations were studied: 1) preparation obtained by means of the cell culture cryoconcentration, 2) ethanol extract of the cell culture, 3) high-molecular protein containing fraction of the bioginseng I. Under conditions of acquired immunodeficiency all the preparations studied were shown to increase the content of antibody producing cells developed in response to sheep erythrocytes administration, while the highest effect exhibited the bioginseng preparation III. These data suggest that proteins are of great importance in the immunomodulating effects of bioginseng preparations.
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PMID:[The role of proteins in the immunomodulating effect of bioginseng products]. 777 Oct 86

The effect of intrauterine exposure to ethanol on lymphocyte development in the neonatal period was studied in C57BI/6J mice. Mice were bred, and then the female mice were assigned to 1 of 3 diet groups, 25% ethanol-derived calories (EDC), pair-fed control, or ad libitum laboratory chow. At birth, all offspring were cross-fostered to surrogate mothers who had been fed laboratory chow. At weekly intervals, the neonatal mice were weighed, and 4 mice from each group were used to assess the development of splenic lymphocytes. The total number of splenocytes was similar in all three groups at each sampling. The number of T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer (NK) cells was measured by flow cytometry. T-cells and NK cells did not vary significantly among the three diet groups. However, the total number of B-cells was decreased for the first 3 weeks of life in the ethanol-exposed animals. The function of the T-cells and B-cells was determined by assessing the response to lipopolysaccharide, pokeweed mitogen, phytohemagglutinin, and concanavalin A. The response to all four mitogens was significantly reduced in the ethanol-exposed animals and did not recover to control levels until 4-5 weeks of life. Ethanol exposure had no significant effect on the kinetics of acquisition of NK lytic function, as assessed by determining the killing of chromium-51 labeled YAC-1 tumor target cells. These data show that prenatal exposure to ethanol causes a transient immunodeficiency in some, but not all compartments of the immune system.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995 Feb
PMID:In utero exposure to ethanol affects postnatal development of T- and B-lymphocytes, but not natural killer cells. 777 46

The steady decline in tuberculosis case rate reversed in the mid-1980s, and tuberculosis cases have increased dramatically since that time. Important factors contributing to this increase are the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic and tuberculosis occurring in foreign-born persons. Tuberculosis outbreaks have occurred in HIV clinics and wards, prisons, homeless shelters, nursing homes, and health care facilities. Some of the outbreaks have involved strains of tuberculosis resistant to multiple antituberculosis drugs. Recent recommendations for initial therapy of tuberculosis include the use of four drugs and directly observed therapy in an effort to prevent the emergence of further drug resistance.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995 Feb
PMID:Tuberculosis in the 1990s. 777 59

Alcohols are commonly used as disinfectants for skin, surfaces and immersion of some medical instruments. Measurements of the activity of alcohols against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) must take account of the compatibility of neutralizers used to stop the disinfectant reaction, and of toxicity to the cell line used to detect residual virus. We have developed protocols to measure the efficacy of alcohols against HIV in suspension and dried onto surfaces in the presence of high and low protein concentrations. High titres of HIV in suspension were rapidly inactivated by 70% ethanol, independent of the protein load. When virus was dried onto a glass surface, the rate of inactivation decreased when high levels of protein were present. Due to its rapid evaporation, a spray or a wipe with alcohol cannot be guaranteed to disinfect a surface contaminated with blood or other body fluids without preliminary cleaning.
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PMID:Inactivation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by alcohols. 784 47

We report here the results of our evaluation of virus inactivation during the manufacturing steps of two intravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) preparations. Virus inactivation and/or removal by processing steps, such as ethanol fractionation and polyethylene glycol precipitation, and deliberate virucidal steps, such as solvent/detergent treatment and pasteurization, were tested on a variety of human pathogenic and experimental model viruses, including human immunodeficiency, Hepatitis C, Mumps, Vaccinia, Chikungunya, Vesicular Stomatitis, Sindbis, and ECHO viruses. All viruses were successfully inactivated and/or eliminated by the processing steps studied. In some cases, however, multiple steps were required. We conclude that the incorporation of steps deliberately designed to inactivate or remove viruses during the production of IGIV provides an extra measure of viral safety.
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PMID:Inactivation and elimination of viruses during preparation of human intravenous immunoglobulin. 786 23

This journal issue includes seven articles (six plus this introduction) from the "cocaine workgroup" of the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) treatment demonstration grants. In this introduction, results of the first attempts to compare data from seven disparate demonstration grant sites are summarized: Overall, rates of recent cocaine use were high in all locations, injection drug use was common, age of first drug use was between 14 and 17 years with age of first cocaine use between 20 and 25 years, arrests were common at all sites especially among cocaine injectors, and polydrug use was the norm. Interestingly, both gender and ethnic status were significantly associated with polydrug use and marijuana use among the cocaine users. These results indicated that it is possible to define variables precisely for analysis across sites and laid the groundwork for the next set of analyses in which the common theme of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behaviors among cocaine abusers was agreed upon. This next set of analyses are included in the following six papers. Overall, these reports confirm recent data about the association of cocaine use with HIV risk behaviors. They extend considerably the literature on the association of cocaine with HIV risk behaviors, and the report from New York in which therapeutic community treatment was shown to be feasible and possibly useful to methadone clients represents an interesting and new finding. In conclusion, cross-site collaborations can take different forms and this collection of papers represents one successful approach.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1995 Jan
PMID:Results of the NIDA treatment demonstration grants' cocaine workgroup: characteristics of cocaine users and HIV risk behaviors. 788 68

A discriminant function analysis was performed with data from 409 high-risk heroin addicts at intake into a methadone maintenance treatment program to determine the characteristics of cocaine users. Cocaine users presented a higher-risk profile for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), engaged in a wider variety of criminal activities, were more likely to be African-American, reported more alcohol use, and showed more signs of psychological disturbance. A second discriminant function analysis determined that crack smokers differed from non-crack cocaine users in ethnicity, alcohol use, criminal activity, needle use, and marital status. Heroin addicts who use cocaine, in particular crack, represent a sub-group at higher risk and in need of targeted treatment planning and monitoring.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1995 Jan
PMID:Cocaine and crack use and HIV risk behaviors among high-risk methadone maintenance clients. 788 69

This study examined sexual and drug use behavior in 247 methadone maintenance patients, to explore the association of cocaine use with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behavior. In univariate analyses, cocaine use was positively associated with any drug injection, number of injections, and sexual intercourse without condoms. These relationships remained significant after controlling for other drug use and demographic factors. Heroin use also contributed to injection-related risk. We conclude that cocaine use represents a continued source of risk for exposure to HIV in this population, and that more aggressive efforts are warranted to reduce illicit drug use, particularly of heroin and cocaine, in methadone patients.
Drug Alcohol Depend 1995 Jan
PMID:Cocaine use and HIV risk behavior in methadone maintenance patients. 788 71


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