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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

For autogenous and allogeneic bone grafts, heat treatment has been thought to kill malignant cells and viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus. It is unclear whether heat treatment could preserve bone-inductive activity. Cortical bones from 6-week-old rat femurs were heated in a water bath at a temperature of 50 degrees-100 degrees C for periods of 15 minutes to 10 hours. After treatment, they were defatted and decalcified. Each sample was transplanted into the hamstring muscle of 3-week-old rats. Eleven days after transplantation, the samples were removed and messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs) were determined for alkaline phosphatase and collagens in the transplant. Twenty-one days after transplantation, actual bone formation was studied by histologic analysis and measurement of calcium content. Heat treatment at 60 degrees C for 10 hours and at 70 degrees C for 1 hour preserved bone-inductive activity, as indicated by the induction of mRNAs for alkaline phosphatase and Type I and Type II collagens. Significant decreased in Type II collagen mRNA and calcium content were observed at 70 degrees C when the transplants were heated for 10 hours, suggesting the importance of evaluating the duration of heat treatment.
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PMID:Sensitivity of osteoinductive activity of demineralized and defatted rat femur to temperature and duration of heating. 763 16

We have used an indirect-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantitate the reactivity of sera from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected humans with native recombinant gp120 (HIV-1 IIIB or SF-2) or with the gp120 molecule (IIIB or SF-2) denatured by being boiled in the presence of dithiothreitol with or without sodium dodecyl sulfate. Denaturation of IIIB gp120 reduced the titers of sera from randomly selected donors by at least 100-fold, suggesting that the majority of cross-reactive anti-gp120 antibodies present are directed against discontinuous or otherwise conformationally sensitive epitopes. When SF-2 gp120 was used, four of eight serum samples reacted significantly with the denatured protein, albeit with ca. 3- to 50-fold reductions in titer. Only those sera reacting with denatured SF-2 gp120 bound significantly to solid-phase-adsorbed SF-2 V3 loop peptide, and none bound to IIIB V3 loop peptide. Almost all antibody binding to reduced SF-2 gp120 was blocked by preincubation with the SF-2 V3 loop peptide, as was about 50% of the binding to native SF-2 gp120. When sera from a laboratory worker or a chimpanzee infected with IIIB were tested, the pattern of reactivity was reversed, i.e., there was significant binding to reduced IIIB gp120, but not to reduced SF-2 gp120. Binding of these sera to reduced IIIB gp120 was 1 to 10% that to native IIIB gp120 and was substantially decreased by preincubation with IIIB (but not SF-2) V3 loop peptide. To analyze which discontinuous or conformational epitopes were predominant in HIV-1-positive sera, we prebound monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to IIIB gp120 and then added alkaline phosphatase-labelled HIV-1-positive sera. MAbs (such as 15e) that recognize discontinuous epitopes and compete directly with CD4 reduced HIV-1-positive sera binding by about 50%, whereas neutralizing MAbs to the C4, V2, and V3 domains of gp120 were either not inhibitory or only weakly so. Thus, antibodies to the discontinuous CD4-binding site on gp120 are prevalent in HIV-1-positive sera, antibodies to linear epitopes are less common, most of the antibodies to linear epitopes are directed against the V3 region, and most cross-reactive antibodies are directed against discontinuous epitopes, including regions involved in CD4 binding.
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PMID:Antibodies to discontinuous or conformationally sensitive epitopes on the gp120 glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 are highly prevalent in sera of infected humans. 767 8

The hybridization characteristics of oligonucleotide-alkaline phosphatase conjugate probes were examined in bead-based sandwich hybridization reactions using single-stranded nucleic acid targets and oligonucleotide-polystyrene capture beads. Enzymatic activity was monitored using a chemiluminescent substrate and calibration plots of chemiluminescent signal versus conjugate concentration were used to estimate the sandwich hybridization efficiencies. Improved hybridization behavior was noted using glycerol as an additive and by increasing the length of the probe and alkyl spacer of the conjugates. The chemiluminescent assay is at least as sensitive as those employing 32P-labeled probes and can detect as little as 10-20 amol of target RNA. The linear relationship of chemiluminescent signal versus target assayed provides a method for quantitating unknown target samples. A single human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infected cell in a background of 10(6) uninfected cells is facilely detected when this enzyme-based detection assay is prefaced with a self-sustained sequence-replication amplification reaction.
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PMID:Bead-based sandwich hybridization characteristics of oligonucleotide-alkaline phosphatase conjugates and their potential for quantitating target RNA sequences. 767 91

A colorimetric assay for reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was developed using a double labelled (biotin and digoxigenin) deoxyuridine triphosphate mixture instead of tritiated thymidine triphosphate. After the RT reaction, the newly polymerized strand from oligodeoxythymidylic acid (oligo-dT) contained both biotin and digoxigenin labels. This nucleotide was bound to streptavidin-magnetic beads by the reaction to biotin. At the detection step, an alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibody to digoxigenin was added, followed by the reaction of a colorimetric substrate for this enzyme. This RT assay was comparable to the isotopic RT assay using purified AMV-RT and two strains of HIV grown in cell lines. In addition it was equivalent to the isotopic RT assay for analysis of the time course of in vitro infection of human peripheral blood lymphocytes by HIV-1. The total assay time after the RT reaction step was less than one hour.
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PMID:Colorimetric reverse transcriptase assay for HIV-1. 767 95

A chemiluminescent assay for reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus 1 was developed using biotin-labeled oligodeoxythymidylic acid (biotin oligo-dT) and digoxigenin-deoxyuridine triphosphate instead of tritiated thymidine triphosphate. After the RT reaction, the newly polymerized strand from biotin oligo-dT contained digoxigenin labels. This nucleotide was bound to a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate by the reaction to biotin. At the detection step, an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody to digoxigenin was added, followed by the reaction of a chemiluminescent substrate for this enzyme. This method shows very close correlation with the isotopic assay using purified avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (RT). This assay was also compared with the isotopic RT assay using lymphocytes infected in vitro with HTLV-IIIB and again demonstrated a close correlation. The total assay time after the RT reaction step was less than 100 min.
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PMID:Chemiluminescent enzyme-linked immunoassay for reverse transcriptase, illustrated by detection of HIV reverse transcriptase. 768 65

2',3'-Dideoxycytidine (ddCyd) is among the most potent of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) agents of the dideoxynucleoside class. Its pharmacologically active metabolite 2',3'-dideoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate (ddCTP) is an effective inhibitor of HIV reverse transcriptase and thus of HIV replication. ddCyd differs, however, from other dideoxynucleoside agents such as 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine and 2',3'-dideoxyinosine in its capacity to generate phosphodiester metabolites (i.e. ddCDP choline and ddCDP ethanolamine). We have synthesized and characterized these two diesters, and established their identity with the metabolites formed in ddCyd-treated Molt-4 cells. Toward this end, the biologically generated metabolites have been isolated on a preparative scale and compared with the synthetic compounds mass spectroscopically, chromatographically, and enzymatically (i.e. their relative susceptibility to the catabolic enzymes alkaline phosphatase and venom phosphodiesterase). The concentration reached by each of these two phosphodiesters within cells can, under certain conditions, equal or exceed that of ddCTP, and their half-times of disappearance are long, indicating that they may serve as depot forms of ddCyd. The possible role of these phosphodiesters in contributing to the unusual toxicity of ddCyd is discussed.
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PMID:Characterization of 2',3'-dideoxycytidine diphosphocholine and 2',3'-dideoxycytidine diphosphoethanolamine. Prominent phosphodiester metabolites of the anti-HIV nucleoside 2',3'-dideoxycytidine. 769 Jun 99

A colorimetric assay for detection of reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was developed using oligodeoxythymidylic acid (oligo-dT)-linked magnetic beads and digoxigenin-deoxyuridine triphosphate (dig-dUTP). During the RT reaction, dig-dUTP was incorporated into oligo-dT which had been hybridized to polyadenylic acid [poly (A)]. At the detection step, an alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody to digoxigenin was added, followed by the addition of a colorimetric substrate for this enzyme. This method showed excellent correlation with the isotopic RT assay, which used tritiated thymidine triphosphate ([3H]dTTP), for detection of purified avian-myeloblastosis-virus RT (AMV-RT). This assay also demonstrated close correlation with the isotopic RT assay using human peripheral-blood lymphocytes infected in vitro with HIV. This colorimetric RT assay offers important advantages over the conventional radioactive RT assays with respect to its simplicity, safety and cost. The total assay time, including the RT reaction step, was less than 1 h, and therefore provides a reliable rapid assay for detection and quantification of HIV.
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PMID:Detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by colorimetric assay for reverse transcriptase activity on magnetic beads. 769 Oct 79

The level of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA in human plasma has been quantitated directly with use of a solid-phase nucleic acid hybridization assay, based on branched DNA (bDNA) signal amplification technology with chemiluminescent detection. Signal amplification is accomplished by the incorporation of sites for 1,755 alkaline phosphatase-labeled probes per genome of HIV-1, after successive hybridization of target-specific oligonucleotides and bDNA amplifier molecules. The assay is performed in microwells, much like an immunoassay, and is amenable to routine laboratory use. Reproducibility and specificity studies indicated that the bDNA method was precise and showed no reactivity with seronegative donors. HIV-1 RNA levels were quantitated for 348 seropositive specimens, with a detection rate of 83% for those specimens from patients with < 500 CD4+ T-cell counts. Plasma RNA levels were found to change with disease stage, and in response to antiviral therapy. Quantitation of HIV-1 RNA in the plasma of HIV-1-infected patients, with use of the bDNA assay, may be a useful method for monitoring HIV-1 disease progression and therapeutic response.
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PMID:Rapid and precise quantification of HIV-1 RNA in plasma using a branched DNA signal amplification assay. 769 40

Resort therapy-induced immunological changes were studied in 67 children from the unfavourable environmental areas, out of them 38 children (an experimental group) on Vetoron and 29 untreated children (a control group). The examinees were found to have secondary (acquired) immunodeficiency appeared as lower levels of immunoglobulin (Ig) A and higher levels of IgM, IgG and IgE. The health resort therapy improved the body's overall responsiveness--elevated the levels of IgA and IgM-reduced these of IgE, enhanced the activity of alkaline phosphatase and increased monocyte counts. The use Vetoron enhanced the efficiency of spa therapy in the examined children versus the matched ones, significantly elevated the relative levels of T lymphocytes and IgG and increased the activity of phagocytes.
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PMID:[The effect of water-soluble beta-carotene (Vetoron) on the immune status of children from ecologically unfavorable regions]. 770 13

This article describes the clinical, epidemiologic, laboratory, and treatment characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) in Eastern North Carolina, a primarily rural area. The database was obtained for 1988-1992 from the University Medical Center of Eastern North Carolina-Pitt County and East Carolina University School of Medicine (the tertiary care referral center for this region). One hundred thirty-eight culture-positive patients were enrolled in the study; 56% were PTB and 44% were EPTB. African-American males constituted 59% of the population. Sixty-nine percent of the patient base were uninsured. There was a bimodal age distribution of < 40 and > 60 years of age. Factors associated with PTB (reported as odds ratios) were white males (2.5), diabetes mellitus (5.4), and cancer (5.1). Factors associated with EPTB (reported as odds ratios) were African-American females, positive human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) serology (8.7), low hematocrit (32.6), and elevated alkaline phosphatase (199). This study emphasizes that in the latest resurgence of tuberculosis, impoverished rural areas, which have been ignored in earlier and present control efforts, are important reservoirs of disease.
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PMID:Clinical differences between pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis: a 5-year retrospective study. 773 Oct 67


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