Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The risk of non-A, non-B hepatitis transmission by an intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparation was assessed in a prospective multicenter trial in 68 patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (40 children or adolescents and 28 adults). During the 4-week prestudy evaluation period the clinical examinations and liver function tests including alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, and bilirubin were normal in all patients. The treatment consisted of three infusions of 200 mg IVIG (pH 4; pepsin procedure) per kilogram body weight at 2-week intervals. During the observation period of 24 weeks following the first infusion of the study IVIG, the patients were monitored at regular time intervals. No clinical and laboratory signs of hepatitis or liver dysfunction were noticed. All patients completed the study. In 5 patients, one isolated alanine aminotransferase value and in another patient one gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase value were moderately elevated, but always below 2.5 times the upper limit of the reference range. Similar isolated and transient elevations were observed for aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase. It was concluded that the IVIG preparation did not transmit non-A, non-B hepatitis or other viral liver diseases.
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PMID:Safety of intravenous immunoglobulin preparations: a prospective multicenter study to exclude the risk of non-A, non-B hepatitis. 177 40

The efficiency of enhanced chemiluminescence based on a novel generation substrate for alkaline phosphatase, adamantyl-1,2-dioxetane phosphate, was compared with that of 32P-labelled probe for visualization of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HTV-1)-specific DNA-DNA hybrids. The probe used for nonisotopic detection was digoxigenin labelled and targeted by anti-digoxigenin antibody Fab-fragments conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. The dot-blot hybridization analysis performed on a dilution series of HIV-1 proviral DNA demonstrated a lower sensitivity limit of 0.5 pg with the nonisotopic method. However, one order of magnitude less DNA could still be detected by a random-primed 32P-labelled probe. The ability of nonradioactive and radioactive probes to detect 590-bp gag gene-specific target sequences generated by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-mediated amplification of HIV-1 DNA was also compared. Analysis of 20 samples from individuals at increased risk for HIV infection by using the two assayed systems produced virtually equivalent signal images on corresponding specimens. Furthermore, complete concordance in the performance was found when HIV-1 proviral DNA was investigated by PCR in additional 50 samples of human blood mononuclear cells.
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PMID:Enhanced chemiluminescence-based hybridization analysis for PCR-mediated HIV-1 DNA detection offers an alternative to 32P-labelled probes. 178 79

A microwave-stimulated in situ hybridization technique using biotin-labeled DNA probe is described. Both hybridization reaction and the detection of the biotin label (with a alkaline phosphatase or immunofluorescence method) has been performed in the microwave oven. All procedures are completed within one hour. The described method was applied for identification of nucleic acid sequences of human immunodeficiency virus in human cell lines. The resolution and the intensity of the signal are as good as from a standard technique with overnight incubation of the probe. Because of the simplicity and speed of the technique, this procedure can be used in a number of other applications.
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PMID:Microwave irradiation-stimulated in situ hybridization procedure with biotinylated DNA probe. 182 77

Time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR-FIA) and various enzyme immunoassays (EIA) were compared in order to determine the detection system which showed the greatest degree of sensitivity without sacrificing specificity. The system chosen for the evaluation of these assays was the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For EIA, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) were investigated, each with a number of different substrates. HRP with its fluorogenic substrate, 3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPPA) was 1.6 times (p less than 0.01) more sensitive than with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) and four times (p less than 0.001) more sensitive than with 2,2'-azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS). AP with its fluorogenic substrate, 4-methylumbelliferyl phosphate (4MeUP), was 6-7 times (p less than 0.001) more sensitive than with phenolphthalein monophosphate (PMP) and 8-13 times (p less than 0.001) more sensitive than with p-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP). TR-FIA with Eu3(+)-labelled anti-human IgG was equivalent in sensitivity to HRP with TMB and AP with 4MeUP.
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PMID:A comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of enzyme immunoassays and time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay. 191 36

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) that can measure picogram quantities of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) in cell culture medium or body fluids has been developed. Recombinant, soluble CD4 immobilized in microtiter trays was used to capture gp120, which was then detected with polyclonal sheep antibody to gp120 followed by biotinylated rabbit anti-sheep immunoglobulin G and an avidin-alkaline phosphatase indicator system. With a reference recombinant gp120, the assay showed a linear relationship between optical density and concentrations ranging from 60 to 6,000 pg/100-microliters well; precision of the assay varied with the concentrations and ranged from +/- 40% with amounts smaller than 200 pg to +/- 10% with amounts larger than 200 pg. In a group of coded samples containing 60 pg (approximately 10(7) molecules) of reference gp120, the assay correctly identified the samples as containing gp120 99% of the time, with no false-positive results recorded for blank samples. Recombinant gp120 prepared in another cell culture system demonstrated a binding coefficient 13-fold lower than that of reference gp120. Mixing standard amounts of reference gp120 with increasing concentrations of human sera reduced assay sensitivity, although the linear relationship between gp120 concentration and optical density remained. With this assay we were able to detect gp120 in HIV-1 suspensions prepared from cultured lymphoblastoid cells and in the sera of HIV-1-infected patients. This ELISA for gp120 should be useful for studying the biological role of gp120 in HIV infection.
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PMID:Enzyme-linked immunoassay for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 envelope glycoprotein 120. 199 48

To determine the potential role of the placenta in transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from mother to fetus, the ability of human placental tissue to support HIV type 1 (HIV-1) infection was examined. HIV-1-seronegative first-trimester placentas were maintained in culture and infected with HIV-1. Virus production, measured by HIV-1 antigen release into the supernatant, and HIV-1 DNA, identified by polymerase chain reaction, were detected for at least 12 days postinfection. Western immunoblot analysis showed Gag proteins, precursor p55, and cleavage products p24 and p17 in HIV-1-infected tissues. Double labeling of placental villi with antibodies to CD4 and placental trophoblast-specific alkaline phosphatase indicated that trophoblasts express CD4 antigen. Additionally, immunostaining of HIV-1-infected tissues with anti-p24 antibodies demonstrated HIV-1 protein expression in placental trophoblasts. Evaluation of human chorionic gonadotropin and progesterone production by the placental cultures indicated that there was a 90% decrease in human chorionic gonadotropin and a 70% decrease in progesterone production in HIV-1-infected cultures in comparison with controls. These data demonstrate that trophoblastic cells of human placenta tissue express CD4 and are susceptible to HIV-1 infection; also, placental endocrine function is decreased by HIV-1 infection. Thus, the placenta may serve as a reservoir of HIV-1 infection during pregnancy contributing to infection of the fetus, and decreased placental hormone production may result in impaired fetal development.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of human placenta: potential route for fetal infection. 201 57

We have reviewed the efficacy of the use of fluconazole in patients with definitely proven Candida esophagitis (CE) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, using a single 400 mg oral dose of fluconazole and evaluating the patient three days afterwards. This drug showed to be effective for the clinical and endoscopic cure in all patients (100%), and with microbiological cure in ten cases. There was no clinical feature of toxicity. The only side effect was an increased alkaline phosphatase and transaminase activity without hyperbilirubinemia, but this finding was not statistically significant (p greater than 0.05). Fluconazole, given in a single 400 mg dose, was absolutely effective to cure esophagitis in AIDS, thus permitting to avoid parenteral amphotericin.
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PMID:[Candida esophagitis treated with a single dose of fluconazole in patients with HIV: presentation of 11 cases]. 209 54

This review delineates the subcellular distribution, biochemical characteristics, and metabolic functions of 5'-nucleotidase (5'NT), summarizes the analytical biochemistry of 5'NT, and assesses the clinical significance of 5'NT determinations in body fluids, cells, and tissues. Salient aspects of the clinical biochemistry of 5'NT, discussed herein, are as follows: (A) Serum 5'NT activity is generally elevated in hepatobiliary diseases, especially with intrahepatic obstruction, but, unlike serum alkaline phosphatase, serum 5'NT activity is not increased in infancy, childhood, pregnancy, or osteoblastic disorders. (B) In cancer patients, elevated serum 5'NT activity does not always indicate hepatobiliary involvement; in some cases, 5'NT may be released into serum from the primary tumor or local metastases. (C) Genetic deficiency of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'NT activity is a common cause of hereditary non-spherocytic hemolytic anemia. (D) Acquired deficiency of erythrocyte pyrimidine 5'NT activity occurs in patients with beta-thalassemia and lead poisoning. (E) 5'NT activity is low in circulating monocytes, increases markedly upon their differentiation to tissue macrophages, and subsequently diminishes during macrophage activation. (F) Lymphocyte ecto-5'NT activity, a plasma membrane marker of cell maturation, is generally low in immunodeficiency states, and undergoes characteristic changes in patients with certain lymphomas and leukemias.
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PMID:The clinical biochemistry of 5'-nucleotidase. 218 4

The processes responsible for the multidrug-resistant (Mdr) phenotype in Adriamycin (doxorubicin)-resistant HL-60 leukemia cells (HL-60/AR) are not defined. Since enhanced transcription of resistance-related proteins is associated with Mdr cells, we sought to determine whether changes in the expression of specific transcription factors were a feature characteristic of the Mdr process. Nuclear extracts were prepared from wild-type and resistant cells and compared for their ability to bind DNA consensus sequences for the transcription factors Sp1 and NF kappa B contained in the 5' long terminal repeat region of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Southwestern (DNA-protein) blots showed a family of DNA-binding proteins of 105 kilodaltons (kDa) that were present only in HL-60/AR cells. Competitive gel shift assays indicated that these factors were related to transcription factor Sp1, and immunoblotting with an Sp1 antibody identified this factor as Sp1. DNase footprinting of the promoter region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 5' long terminal repeat showed that protection occurred at two Sp1 sites as well as two NF kappa B sites and the trans-acting region with nuclear extracts only from resistant cells. Preliminary evidence also suggests that phosphorylation may play a negative regulatory role in the activity of Sp1, since calf intestine alkaline phosphatase stimulated the DNA-binding activity of Sp1 in vitro. These results indicate that HL-60/AR cells contain an abundance of DNA-binding proteins, particularly Sp1, which probably interact with other cis-acting regulatory proteins in a cooperative manner.
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PMID:Increased expression and DNA-binding activity of transcription factor Sp1 in doxorubicin-resistant HL-60 leukemia cells. 220 18

A 71-yr-old male presented with a 2-month history of fever, malaise, and weight loss. Physical exam revealed chorioretinitis. Laboratory studies were notable for elevated levels of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, aspartate transaminase, and alanine transaminase. Immunoglobulin G antibody to Toxoplasma gondii was positive to a dilution of 1:4096, whereas serologic studies for hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human immunodeficiency virus, Brucella, and Tularemia were negative. A percutaneous biopsy of the liver revealed hepatic granulomas. Culture of the biopsy specimen was negative for growth of mycobacteria or fungi. Spontaneous improvement in clinical and laboratory parameters occurred over a 4-month period.
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PMID:Toxoplasmic chorioretinitis and hepatic granulomas. 222 Jul 41


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