Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The crude water extract (NS-1) from a seaweed (Digenea simplex C. Agardh Rhodomelaceae) exhibited anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 activity in vitro. The inhibitory effect of the extract on the cytopathic activity of HIV-1 and it's antigen production was examined using a microplate method, immunofluorescent assay, and an HIV antigen detection kit (Abbott). NS-1 inhibited both the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 to MT-4 cells and the giant cell formation of Molt-4 cells infected with HIV-1.
 ...
PMID:The inhibitory effect of the crude extract from a seaweed of Dygenea simplex C. Agardh on the in vitro cytopathic activity of HIV-1 and it's antigen production. 758 85

There is increasing interest in the absolute lymphocyte count. This is partly driven by the need to obtain absolute values for lymphocyte subsets such as absolute CD4+ counts in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. The absolute total lymphocyte count is usually determined in the routine hematology laboratory on a separate sample from the same patient specimen and then combined with percentage results from flow cytometry to obtain the absolute value of the lymphocyte subsets. We have studied analytic variability in the absolute lymphocyte determination and compared it to the variability of the total white blood count (WBC). In a series of 524 specimens, four different automated methods were compared to each other and to the traditional eye count differential. The automated methods were four widely used automated cell counters (Technicon H*1, TOA NE8000, Coulter STKS, and Abbott CD3000). The results indicate that analytic variability in the absolute lymphocyte counts, due, primarily, to method variability, is significant and is larger than the variability typically observed on interlaboratory trials of relative CD4 counts. These method biases cannot easily be reduced by calibration, since the cell classification algorithms are built-in features of the various cell counters. Analytic variability of the absolute lymphocyte counts was found to be 12.4% compared with analytic variability of only 4.9% for total WBC counts on the same samples. Our data suggest that more precise results would be obtained if flow cytometry results expressed each phenotype as a fraction of the leukocytes as well as total lymphocytes. Conversion to absolute values could then be accomplished through determination of the total WBC in the routine hematology laboratory.
 ...
PMID:Variability in absolute lymphocyte counts obtained by automated cell counters. 758 30

There is a need for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening assays which will distinguish uninfected HIV vaccine recipients from HIV-infected individuals. Commercial screening kits were used to test serum samples from low- and high-risk participants in clinical trials before and after immunization with various recombinant HIV type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein 120 (gp120) candidate vaccines. All kits were 100% sensitive in detecting HIV infection. Both Murex Single Use Diagnostic System and United Biomedical, Inc., HIV type 1 or 2 (HIV-1/2) enzyme immunoassay (EIA) kits, which detect antibodies to HIV-1 gp41, were 98 to 100% specific when used to screen baseline or recombinant gp120-vaccinated populations as vaccine-induced antibodies to gp120 were nonreactive in these tests. The Abbott HIVAB HIV-1 EIA (lysate of whole infected cells, reactive with anti-gp120 antibodies) gave high levels of reactivity due to vaccine-induced antibodies and a high baseline rate of false positives (12 of 83) among nonvaccinated high-risk volunteers. Assays containing only gp41 and p24 solid-phase components are compatible with gp120-based vaccines but are unlikely to be useful in a similar role for vaccines containing gp160, gp41, or gp120 plus p24 antigens. Efficacy trials must be designed in concert with available diagnostic screening assays to avoid problems caused by vaccine-induced seroconversion in high-risk populations.
 ...
PMID:Utility of various commercially available human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody diagnostic kits for use in conjunction with efficacy trials of HIV-1 vaccines. 766 69

Sera of 383 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-infected individuals from Frankfurt (Main)/Germany were assayed by two hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening tests (Abbott second generation, Ortho second generation). This population showed a prevalence for reactivity with both tests of 20.8% (80/383). Examination of all reactive sera (91/383) by a supplemental assay (Chiron RIBA 2) gave for 46 sera a positive, for 33 sera an indeterminate, and for 12 sera a negative result. Further analysis focussed on these RIBA 2-indeterminate and -negative samples. Analysis of the sera using an in-house Western blot with three different Escherichia coli-expressed HCV proteins revealed that none of the RIBA 2-negative, but 24 of the 33 RIBA 2-indeterminate sera, including 3 of 4 c33c (NS3)-reactive samples, were reactive with a recombinant core protein. Twenty-one of 22 c22-3 (core) indeterminates stained the core antigen in the in-house Western blot and 3 of them in addition a NS5 moiety. HCV-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was positive for 14 of the 24 RIBA 2-indeterminate sera, but for none of the RIBA 2-negative or Western blot nonreactive samples. Discrepant results between the two screening tests could not be explained by differences in the antigen compositions (i.e., a NS3-NS4 moiety of 111 amino acids present in the Ortho enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), not present in the Abbott or RIBA 2 assays).
 ...
PMID:Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence among human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected individuals: analysis with different test systems. 779 85

For evaluating the HIV 1/HIV 2 Testpack (Abbott, Chicago, IL) to detect antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in whole postmortem blood 456 samples were collected prior forensic autopsies. All samples were tested using the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) and the Testpack; positively reactive samples and samples with equivocal results were confirmed by Western blot. Of the 456 samples 21 (4.6 per cent) proved to be reactive in both systems (confirmed by Western blot). In 17 cases (3.7 percent) interpretation of the result was difficult, but no serious misinterpretations occurred. It is concluded that the HIV-Testpack provides accurate results in testing whole postmortem blood for HIV antibodies.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of a rapid assay system, HIV 1/HIV 2 Testpack, Abbott, to detect human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in postmortem blood. 787 92

The performance of four enzyme immunoassays, manufactured by Abbott, Diagnostics Pasteur, Genetic Systems, and Organon Teknika, for the combined detection of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and anti-HIV-2, was examined in a multisite evaluation. The collaborative efforts of 7 Australian Red Cross Blood Transfusion and 12 Australian Public Health Laboratories minimized potential biases in data by providing large numbers of anti-HIV-1-negative and -positive samples. Sensitivity was estimated using samples that were positive for anti-HIV-1 from individuals known to be infected and seroconversion samples. Sensitivity estimates in the four assays were 99.71, 99.94, 99.49, and 99.68%, respectively. Specificity was measured using fresh, sequential blood donations and samples with previous false-positive reactions in other assays. Specificity estimates from blood donations were 99.92, 99.46, 99.67, and 99.85%, respectively. The data were analyzed further using the delta statistic, which distinguishes the performance of assays of similar sensitivity and specificity by providing a measure of how well results in a population of positive or negative samples are removed from the assay's cutoff value.
 ...
PMID:Multisite evaluation of four anti-HIV-1/HIV-2 enzyme immunoassays. Australian HIV Test Evaluation Group. 788 8

To identify factors that may affect the quality of laboratory performance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibody testing, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Model Performance Evaluation Program surveyed laboratories in 1989 that performed enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and Western blot tests for HIV-1 antibody. Panels of 10 HIV-1-antibody-positive and antibody-negative plasma samples, some of which were duplicates, were mailed to program-participating laboratories. Laboratories were also mailed survey questionnaires to ascertain their laboratory characteristics and testing practices. Using 1988 data, researchers previously found that the overall analytic performance of laboratories performing HIV-1 antibody testing was independently associated with the following: (1) requiring a minimum degree of testing personnel; (2) having written criteria for identifying unsatisfactory specimens; (3) requiring in-house training for testing personnel; (4) having tested more than 10,000 specimens; (5) being identified as an "other" laboratory type; (6) having more than 24 months of testing experience; (7) laboratory uses specific (Abbott) materials for EIA; and (8) testing specimens collected by family-planning clinics. To verify these findings, we performed multivariate analysis on 1989 performance data. For the 1989 EIA analytic sensitivity, significant positive (P < or = .05) associations were detected with having written criteria for identifying unsatisfactory specimens and with having tested more than 10,000 specimens. For the 1989 overall EIA analytic performance, a significant negative (P < or = .05) association was found with using specific (Abbott) EIA materials, and a significant positive (P < or = .05) association was found with having tested more than 10,000 specimens. For Western blot results, the only significant (P < or = .05) associations were for both analytic sensitivity and overall analytic performance and having tested more than 10,000 specimens.
 ...
PMID:Quality of laboratory performance in testing for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody. Identification of variables associated with laboratory performance. 823 38

Occupational exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis, and other bloodborne pathogens concerns all health care workers, especially those in high-risk clinical settings such as the emergency room, operating room, intravenous therapy department, etc. In response to the increased attention to needlestick injuries in the workplace, hospitals are adopting a more proactive approach to establishing precautions to eliminate this occupational hazard. Many technologies to address the situation are available today, but most offer only a partial solution. The need for a comprehensive needleless IV delivery system recently sparked a collaboration between the IV therapy coordinator and a manufacturer's representative (Abbott Laboratories) that resulted in a new product design that was recently implemented house wide at our two hospitals.
 ...
PMID:Implementation of a customized needleless intravenous delivery system. 830 6

From October 31 through December 15, 1991, 10 blood donors to the American Red Cross Blood Services, Badger Region (ARCBS), were found to have false-positive screening enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for antibodies to two or more of the following viruses: human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 1 (HTLV-I), and hepatitis C virus (HCV). An investigation by the Division of Health, Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services (WDOH), and the ARCBS indicated that the risk for false-positive reactivity was associated with antecedent receipt of influenza vaccine formulated for the 1991-92 season. In March 1992, the ARCBS began use of newly available ELISAs for anti-HIV (HIVAB, HIV-1/HIV-2 (rDNA) EIA [Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Illinois]) and anti-HCV (HCV 2.0 ELISA [Ortho Diagnostic Systems, Raritan, New Jersey]), while continuing to test with the ELISA for anti-HTLV-I [HTLV-I ELISA (Abbott Laboratories) used in 1991. From January 1 through October 13, 1992, the ARCBS identified 19 blood donors with repeatedly reactive ELISAs for HTLV-I. However, from October 14 through November 10, 15 false-positive ELISAs for HTLV-I were reported by the ARCBS to the WDOH. As a result of this increase, the ARCBS conducted a case-control study to assess the relation between influenza vaccination and testing positive for HTLV-I. This report summarizes the results of the study.
 ...
PMID:False-positive serologic tests for human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I among blood donors following influenza vaccination, 1992. 844 1

A new modular automated enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Enzymun-Test HIV Ag: Boehringer Mannheim) for quantitative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigen detection was evaluated by testing a panel of 1,506 serum samples, including seroconversions, dilution series, follow-up samples from patients under antiretroviral therapy, single serum specimens from HIV-seropositive individuals in different stages of infection, potentially cross-reactive samples, and sera from HIV-negative hospitalized patients. The Abbott HIV type 1 (HIV-1) antigen monoclonal antibody assay served as the reference assay, and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (Organon Teknika) for quantitative amplification of HIV-1 RNA was used for follow-up of patients under antiretroviral chemotherapy. The Boehringer Mannheim and Abbott EIAs showed concordant results for the early detection of HIV antigen in all the seroconversion panels. The follow-up samples from 29 HIV-infected individuals under antiretroviral therapy gave divergent results between both antigen tests. For the detection of HIV antigen in single serum samples from HIV-infected patients in different stages of HIV infection, a higher number of positive samples was detected with the Abbott HIV-1 antigen monoclonal antibody assay in samples from patients in stages II and III of HIV infection. The Enzymun-Test detected three or more positive samples than did the Abbott assay among the samples of patients with AIDS. The concordance on a sample-to-sample basis between the Boehringer Mannheim and Abbott EIAs was 98.6%. The sensitivity of the Enzymun-Test in comparison to the reference assay was 97.2%; the specificity was 98.8%. Although no close correlation could be found between the amount of viral RNA in serum detected by nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and the concentration of HIV antigen, a high HIV-1 RNA copy number was mostly associated with high levels of HIV antigen. In conclusion, the Enzymun-Test permits accurate HIV antigen detection and offers, in contrast to previous assays, the possibility of completely automated detection.
 ...
PMID:Quantitative detection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antigen by the Enzymun-Test: comparison with alternative assays and nucleic acid sequence-based amplification of HIV type 1 RNA. 873 95


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>