Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In order to determine the sensitivity and specificity of two rapid human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) assays compared with enzyme immunoassay and Western blot and to assess their potential use for routine screening in an emergency department (ED), we analyzed sera from 492 consecutive ED patients using an identity-unlinked design. Sera were analyzed for HIV-1 by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot and two rapid assays: the Abbott Testpack HIV-1 (Abbott Labs, Inc, Abbott Park, IL) and the HIV-1 Genie, (Genetic Systems, Seattle, WA). Seroprevalence of HIV-1 among 492 samples was 5.1%. Both rapid assays were easy to perform and required approximately 10 minutes per test. Sensitivity and specificity of both rapid assays were 100% and 99.8%, with positive and negative predictive values of 96.2% and 100%, respectively. It was concluded that both rapid assays showed high concordance with standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blot. Since the ED is often the primary care setting for many patients at risk for HIV-1, the ED may be an optimal site for routine HIV-1 screening. Rapid assay screening may provide the opportunity for timely identification of HIV-1-infected patients, allowing earlier treatment and counseling. However, ethical and practical questions regarding appropriate application of rapid HIV-1 testing in EDs still needs resolution.
 ...
PMID:Evaluation of two rapid screening assays for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection in emergency department patients. 186 93

Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was evaluated using Ortho and Abbott HCV Elisa assays and the Abbott EIA Neutralization assay in 150 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients and compared with the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) markers. Overall prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies was 29.3%; significant variations were seen across human immunodeficiency virus risk factor subgroups: prevalence was 10.2% in homosexual men, 12.0% in bisexual men, 73.5% in intravenous drug users, 13.3% in blood transfusion recipients, and 16.6% in frequent travellers. Seroprevalence was higher in the 20 to 40 year-old age group and in patients stage II or III according to the Center for Disease Control classification. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus markers (75.7% and 17.5% respectively) was analyzed according to hepatitis C virus marker status; patients with HBcAb were more likely to have antibodies against hepatitis C virus than their HBcAb-negative counterparts. Further studies are needed to investigate the influence of coexposure to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus on liver lesions. Data from this study show that coinfection or coexposure is common.
 ...
PMID:[Seroprevalence of hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients]. 190 84

The aim of the present study was to identify the most useful serum markers for the early identification of the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To this end, sequential serum samples of 19 individuals who later had seroconversion to anti-HIV were evaluated. The p24 antigen (Ag-HIV) was the earliest marker of the infection, although it could only be detected in five of the 19 individuals: in two as an isolated marker and in the remaining four associated to anti-HIV (first generation Western blot: WB-1, and recombinant enzyme immunoanalysis: EIA-2G). In 12 of the 19 individuals, WB-1G (Pasteur) was the technique which permitted the earliest detection of anti-HIV: in five cases with bands which made the unequivocal diagnosis of the infection, and in seven with indeterminate results (anti-HIV against core or envelope antigens). The second earliest test was the detection of anti-HIV against envelope antigens with a competitive EIA-2G (Abbott). WB-1G (Sorin) detected anti-HIV in a late phase, as it was the case for EIA-1G or EIA-2G for anti-HIV against antigens encoded by the GAG gene. These results indicate that there may be remarkable differences in sensitivity among the different commercial kits. The use of EIA for Ag-HIV together with WB-1G shortens the gap period of HIV infection, even if seroconversion is identified with EIA-2G for global anti-HIV.
 ...
PMID:[An evaluation of the efficacy of different commercial kits in the serological diagnosis of the early phase of human immunodeficiency virus infection]. 208 13

A multicenter study was undertaken to determine the sensitivity and reproducibility of markers for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) viral growth and the effect of various preparations of lymphocytes on the sensitivity of standard and routinely used procedures for HIV-1 isolation. In phase 1, cocultivated culture supernatants obtained from 10 HIV-1 cultures were transported to three Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS) Virology Laboratories. Three commercial HIV-p24 antigen capture (AC) tests and two reverse transcriptase (RT) assays were used to ascertain the replication of HIV-1. The Du Pont and Abbott AC assays were found to be most sensitive (85-100%), and the RT assay with 24-h incubation period had comparable sensitivity (75-100%). In phase II, the sensitivity of standard cocultivation procedure for HIV-1 isolation was compared using freshly phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA-P)-stimulated, stimulated-frozen, and frozen-thawed and then stimulated normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as cocultivating cells. Blood samples from 13 HIV-1 infected individuals with various CD4+ cell counts were cocultivated in each of the three MACS laboratories using one of the aforementioned normal PBMCs. The PHA-P-stimulated fresh normal PBMC showed a maximum isolation rate of 100% (13 of 13) with an average of 8 days to positivity. This rate of isolation was significantly greater than other rates using any one of the other PBMC preparations. These findings demonstrated that the use of freshly PHA-P stimulated PBMCs maximized HIV-1 isolation from blood when a sensitive HIV-1 p24 AC assay or RT assay with overnight incubation is employed for the detection of HIV in culture supernatant.
 ...
PMID:The effect of fresh lymphocytes on increased sensitivity of HIV-1 isolation: a multicenter study. 211 52

The Recombigen-HIV-1 LA Test (Cambridge BioScience Corporation, Worcester, MA) uses recombinant peptides derived from the env gene product in a latex agglutination assay for the detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for marketing in the United States. It is intended for use as a screening test in physicians' offices, emergency rooms, and other settings where enzyme immunoassays are not practical or available. Concern has been raised over the sensitivity, specificity, and difficulty in interpretation of the agglutination pattern. The authors report on the sensitivity and interobserver variability of the assay as performed in a blinded fashion in a hospital laboratory by technologists experienced with other latex agglutination assays. In the first study, sera from 50 patients positive by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) (Abbott HIV EIA) and western blot (WB), performed with EPITOPE HIV western blot strips were assayed by one technologist using the latex agglutination technique. Forty-six samples were positive and four were negative, yielding a sensitivity of 92%. In the second study, 30 samples consisting of 10 negative by EIA and WB, 10 borderline by EIA and/or indeterminate by WB, and 10 positive by EIA and WB were evaluated by three technologists with the latex agglutination technique. There was agreement among all three technologists in 24 of 30 samples (80%). There was disagreement over one sample from the negative group (one technologist obtained a single false positive result), three from the borderline/indeterminate group, and two from the positive group (three technologists obtained false negative results on two samples). In summary, the authors report interobserver variation in interpreting 20% of tests, reflecting difficulty in assessing weak agglutination. Sensitivity of 92% is below that achievable with the EIA or WB techniques and limits the usefulness of the latex agglutination assay as a screening test.
 ...
PMID:Sensitivity and interobserver variability of the Recombigen-HIV-1 LA test. 218 62

89 prostitutes and 45 men attending the sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in Mogadishu, Somalia, were tested for HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) with the Abbott ELISA (enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay) test, cultured for gonorrhea, and screened for syphilis. There were no sera positive for HIV. 11% of the prostitutes and 7% of the men had positive gonorrhea cultures; 28% of the prostitutes and 4% of the men were positive for syphilis; 1 of the men had penicillin-resistant N. gonorrhoea with a beta-lactamase test. An epidemiological questionnaire was administered to the subjects. Most were aged 20-29; 67% were married; 80% of the men and 22.5% of the women were soldiers. 40% of the men reported use of prostitutes. Stated numbers of sexual contacts were 1.87/week for the prostitutes, and 1.51/week for the men. Data were also reported on occupations, recent injections, immunizations, intravenous drug use, surgery, blood transfusions and scarification.
 ...
PMID:HIV infection surveillance in Mogadishu, Somalia. 222 25

The effectiveness of four screening tests for detecting antibody to human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) was determined by using 2,700 African serum specimens. The tests studied were indirect immunofluorescence, particle agglutination from Fujirebio, and two enzyme immunoassays, one from Abbott Laboratories that used virus lysate from HUT 102 cells and the other from Cambridge BioScience Corp. that used an env recombinant protein. Positive and doubtful sera were confirmed by Western immunoblot and radioimmunoprecipitation assay with Food and Drug Administration seropositivity criteria. The best results were obtained with the two enzyme immunoassays, which were more sensitive (100 and 98.6% [Abbott and Cambridge, respectively]) and more specific (98.7 and 96.5%). Indirect immunofluorescence exhibited difficulties for reading and interpretation. With particle agglutination, prozone was observed for 9 of 78 HTLV-I-positive serum specimens. False-positives in any of the tests were not linked to cross-reactions with human immunodeficiency viruses. However, confirmation tests remain necessary for HTLV-I screening.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of immunofluorescence, particle agglutination, and enzyme immunoassays for detection of human T-cell leukemia virus type I antibody in African sera. 222 82

Primary infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) has been associated with a self-limited illness resembling acute infectious mononucleosis. Pulmonary manifestations have been notably absent in published reports. The authors describe a 28-year-old homosexual male who presented with primary HIV-1 infection associated with CD8+ lymphocytic alveolitis. Diagnosis was delayed because HIV antibody was not detected by the Abbott ELISA, although the same and subsequent specimens were later found to be positive by Genetic Systems' ELISA and Western blot analysis. Lymphocytic alveolitis must be added to the expanding clinical spectrum of acute HIV-1 infection. The time to detection of seroconversion may vary with different immunoassays.
 ...
PMID:Lymphocytic alveolitis in primary HIV infection. 236 36

Three hundred and ninety eight serum samples from 270 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody positive asymptomatic homosexual men were tested in the Abbott and Dupont HIV antigen ELISA tests. In the Abbott test 62 (16%) of the sera were positive, according to the manufacturer's instructions, compared with 55 (14%) in the Dupont test. Twenty six sera were positive with the Abbott test but negative with the Dupont test and 19 sera were positive only by the Dupont test. Only 36 (9%) of the sera were positive in both tests. The Abbott confirmatory neutralisation test gave excellent agreement with the initial Abbott HIV antigen ELISA test; the Dupont confirmatory test was only in agreement with the initial positive Dupont antigen ELISA test in one third of the sera tested. Although the overall sensitivity of each of the two commercial assays tested was similar, the Abbott method may be preferable for clinical purposes if confirmation of an initial ELISA positive test result by neutralisation assay is required.
 ...
PMID:Blind comparison of Abbott and Dupont HIV antigen ELISA tests for detecting antigenaemia in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus antibody positive homosexual men. 237 Mar 10

We compared an antigen capture assay (Abbott Laboratories, North Chicago, Ill.) with a reverse transcriptase assay to identify and quantify human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in culture. In direct comparisons of serial dilutions of lymphadenopathy-associated virus type 1, the antigen assay was 100-fold more sensitive than the reverse transcriptase assay in detecting the virus. The antigen assay reacted strongly with 60 different HIV isolates but did not cross-react with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type II, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, herpes simplex virus type 1, Epstein-Barr virus, adenovirus type 5, or poliovirus type 1 or with extracts from four different control human cell lines and eight different phytohemagglutinin-stimulated normal human lymphocytes. Peripheral blood lymphocyte samples from 50 individuals were evaluated by both the antigen assay and the reverse transcriptase assay. The cells from the 34 seropositive individuals were all positive by the antigen assay (range, 3 to 9 days; average time, 5.9 days) and the reverse transcriptase assay (range, 7 to 16 days; average time, 9.6 days). Cells from the 16 seronegative individuals were negative by both assays. These results indicate that the antigen assay is an important addition to the monitoring of HIV production in the lymphocytes of infected patients.
 ...
PMID:Comparison of antigen assay and reverse transcriptase assay for detecting human immunodeficiency virus in culture. 244 34


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>