Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A novel class of acyclic nucleoside phosphonates has been discovered in which the base consists of a pyrimidine preferably containing an amino group at C-2 and C-4 and a 2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy (PMEO) or a 2-(phosphonomethoxy)propoxy (PMPO) group at C-6. The 6-PMEO 2,4-diaminopyrimidine (compound 1) and 6-PMPO 2,4-diaminopyrimidine (compound 11) derivatives showed potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the laboratory (i.e., CEM and MT-4 cells) and in primary (i.e., peripheral blood lymphocyte and monocyte/macrophage) cell cultures and pronounced activity against Moloney murine sarcoma virus in newborn NMRI mice. Their in vitro and in vivo antiretroviral activity was comparable to that of reference compounds 9-[(2-phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (adefovir) and (R)-9-[(2-phosphonomethoxy)-propyl]adenine (tenofovir), and the enantiospecificity of (R)- and (S)-PMPO pyrimidine derivatives as regards their antiretroviral activity was identical to that of the classical (R)- and (S)-9-(2-phosphonomethoxy)propyl purine derivatives. The prototype PMEO and PMPO pyrimidine analogues were relatively nontoxic in cell culture and did not markedly interfere with host cell macromolecular (i.e., DNA, RNA, or protein) synthesis. Compounds 1 and 11 should be considered attractive novel pyrimidine nucleotide phosphonate analogues to be further pursued for their potential as antiretroviral agents in the clinical setting.
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PMID:Antiretrovirus activity of a novel class of acyclic pyrimidine nucleoside phosphonates. 1206 73

MRP8 (ABCC11) is a recently identified cDNA that has been assigned to the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) family of ATP-binding cassette transporters, but its functional characteristics have not been determined. Here we examine the functional properties of the protein using transfected LLC-PK1 cells. It is shown that ectopic expression of MRP8 reduces basal intracellular levels of cAMP and cGMP and enhances cellular extrusion of cyclic nucleotides in the presence or absence of stimulation with forskolin or SIN-1A. Analysis of the sensitivity of MRP8-overexpressing cells revealed that they are resistant to a range of clinically relevant nucleotide analogs, including the anticancer fluoropyrimidines 5'-fluorouracil (approximately 3-fold), 5'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine (approximately 5-fold), and 5'-fluoro-5'-deoxyuridine (approximately 3-fold), the anti-human immunodeficiency virus agent 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (approximately 6-fold) and the anti-hepatitis B agent 9'-(2'-phosphonylmethoxynyl)adenine (PMEA) (approximately 5-fold). By contrast, increased resistance was not observed for several natural product chemotherapeutic agents. In accord with the notion that MRP8 functions as a drug efflux pump for nucleotide analogs, MRP8-transfected cells exhibited reduced accumulation and increased efflux of radiolabeled PMEA. In addition, it is shown by the use of in vitro transport assays that MRP8 is able to confer resistance to fluoropyrimidines by mediating the MgATP-dependent transport of 5'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate, the cytotoxic intracellular metabolite of this class of agents, but not of 5'-fluorouracil or 5'-fluoro-2'-deoxyuridine. We conclude that MRP8 is an amphipathic anion transporter that is able to efflux cAMP and cGMP and to function as a resistance factor for commonly employed purine and pyrimidine nucleotide analogs.
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PMID:MRP8, ATP-binding cassette C11 (ABCC11), is a cyclic nucleotide efflux pump and a resistance factor for fluoropyrimidines 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and 9'-(2'-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine. 1276 37

The bicyclic pyrimidine analogue, 3,4-dihydro-6H,8H-pyrimido[4,5-c][1,2]oxazin-7-one (P) can base pair with both A and G. The riboside 5'-triphsophate of P (PTP) efficiently induces mutation during in vitro transcription and reverse transcription cycles using a phage promoter. In the present study, we have constructed an in vitro transcription system promoted by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR) using HeLa nuclear extract supplemented with HIV-1 Tat protein. Using this system, the effects of mutagenic ribonucleotide analogues were studied.
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PMID:Reverse transcriptional mutagenesis induced by ribonucleoside triphosphate analogue, PTP and its availability for anti-HIV-1 therapy. 1283 61

2,4-Diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidines substituted in position 5 by an allyl, benzyl, cyanomethyl, ethoxycarbonylmethyl, phenyl, cyclopropyl, or methyl group were prepared either by C5-alkylation or by formation of the pyrimidine ring by cyclization. Their alkylation with 2-[(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)methoxy]ethyl tosylate afforded N1- and O6-regioisomers that were separated and converted to the free phosphonic acids by treatment with bromotrimethylsilane followed by hydrolysis. Reaction of 2,4-diamino-6-[[(diisopropoxyphosphoryl)methoxy]ethoxy]pyrimidine with elemental bromine, N-chloro-, or N-iodosuccinimide gave the corresponding phosphorus-protected 5-bromo-, 5-chloro-, and 5-iodo derivatives, respectively. Their deprotection afforded 2,4-diamino-5-bromo- and -5-chloro-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines. 2,4-Diamino-5-methyl-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidine was synthesized also by cross-coupling of the 5-bromo compound with AlMe(3), followed by deprotection. The compounds showed poor, if any, inhibitory activity against DNA viruses such as herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, and vaccinia virus. In contrast, several 5-substituted 2,4-diaminopyrimidine derivatives markedly inhibited retrovirus replication in cell culture. The 5-methyl derivative was exquisitely inhibitory to human immunodeficiency virus and Moloney murine sarcoma virus-induced cytopathicity in cell culture (EC(50) approximately 0.00018 mumol/mL) but also cytostatic to CEM cell cultures. In contrast, the 5-halogen-substituted derivatives showed pronounced antiretroviral activity (EC(50) = 0.0023-0.0110 mumol/mL), comparable to that of the reference drugs adefovir and tenofovir, but were devoid of measurable toxicity at 0.3 mumol/mL.
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PMID:5-Substituted-2,4-diamino-6-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethoxy]pyrimidines-acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analogues with antiviral activity. 1458 56

It has been proposed that the declining efficiency of antiretroviral agents in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may also depend on cellular factors at their site of action. Two in particular have been proposed: (i) the defective intracellular metabolism of NRTI in target cells and the altered uptake; and (ii) efflux of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and protease inhibitors (PI) by cellular transporter molecules. Several studies have shown that: changes in the activities of various purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes may occur in lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients; HIV-infected patients on prolonged treatment with nucleoside analogues, e.g. zidovudine, show significantly decreased activity of thymidine kinase (TK) compared with untreated HIV-infected people; and NRTI and PI are substrates for the multidrug membrane transporters. With regard to the latter issue, it is known that the ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins such as the P-glycoprotein (MDR), and the newly discovered family of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP1-6), promote the active extracellular efflux of a wide variety of therapeutics drugs and overexpression of some of them lowers intracellular concentration of PI. In the very near future such mechanisms, also called 'cellular drug resistance', might be taken into account, together with other immunological, virological and behavioural factors, to explain the 'drug failure' and/or the variability of response in HIV patients undergoing antiretroviral treatment.
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PMID:Cellular issues relating to the resistance of HIV to antiretroviral agents. 1500 May 83

In analogy with maribavir [1-(beta-L-ribofuranosyl)-isopropylamino-5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole], a nucleoside analogue that acts against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) by a non-nucleoside mechanism, here I present three other examples of classes of nucleoside analogues (i.e. bicyclic furo[2,3-d]pyrimidine as well as HEPT and TSAO derivatives) that act against either HCMV or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through a non-nucleoside mode of action.
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PMID:Nucleoside analogues exerting antiviral activity through a non-nucleoside mechanism. 1504 66

9-[1-(Phosphonomethoxycyclopropyl)methyl]guanine (PMCG, 1), representative of a novel class of phosphonate nucleosides, blocks HBV replication with excellent potency (EC(50) = 0.5 microM) in a primary culture of HepG2 2.2.15 cells. It exhibits no significant cytotoxicity in several human cell lines up to 1.0 mM. It does not inhibit replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) or herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) at 30 microM. Many purine base analogues of 1 also exhibit inhibitory activity against HBV, but at 30 microM, pyrimidine analogues do not. 1 is 4 times more potent than 9-[2-(phosphonomethoxy)ethyl]adenine (PMEA), which was used as a positive control (EC(50) = 2.0 microM). The characteristic cyclopropyl moiety at the 2'-position of 1 was prepared by titanium-mediated Kulinkovich cyclopropanation. 1 was modified to give the orally available drug candidate, PMCDG Dipivoxil (2). Compound 2 exhibited excellent efficacy when administered at 5 mg per kg per day in a study with woodchucks infected with woodchuck hepatitis B virus (WHBV). Drug candidate 2 has successfully completed phase I clinical trials and is currently undergoing phase II clinical studies for evaluation of efficacy.
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PMID:A novel class of phosphonate nucleosides. 9-[(1-phosphonomethoxycyclopropyl)methyl]guanine as a potent and selective anti-HBV agent. 1513 64

Current therapies available for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B are limited in their ability to result in a cure. Clevudine is a new pyrimidine analog with potent anti-hepatitis B virus (HBV) activity in vitro. A multicenter dose-escalation study evaluated clevudine at 10, 50, 100, and 200 mg once daily for 28 days. Eligible patients had HBV DNA levels of 3 x 10(6) copies/mL or more, had not undergone nucleoside treatment, and were without human immunodeficiency or hepatitis C virus coinfection. Thirty-two patients were enrolled (5, 10, 10, and 7 patients in the 10-, 50-, 100-, and 200-mg dose groups, respectively), 81% were male, 81% Asian, and 88% were hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) positive at baseline. Median pretreatment serum HBV DNA levels ranged from 7.3 to 8.8 log(10) copies/mL. After 28 days, the median HBV DNA log(10) change from baseline was -2.5, -2.7, -3.0, and -2.6 log(10). Six months after dosing, median changes from baseline were -1.2, -1.4, -2.7 and -1.7 log(10) in the 10-, 50-, 100-, and 200-mg cohorts, respectively. Six of 27 patients lost HBeAg, and 3 of 27 patients seroconverted to HBe antibody. Clevudine was well tolerated, with no dose-limiting toxicities. A transient increase in alanine aminotransferase of up to 7.8 times the upper limit of normal (increase ranged from 20 to 186 IU/L) was observed in six patients in the 100-mg cohort, without signs of liver failure. These increases were associated with improved viral suppression. The pharmacokinetic profile of clevudine was proportional to the dose. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the tolerability and potent activity of clevudine in HBV-infected patients and support further clinical study.
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PMID:A phase II dose-escalating trial of clevudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. 1523 97

The treatment of viral diseases remains one of the major challenges to modern medicine. During the past two decades there has been increased recognition of the consequences of serious viral illnesses that are not controlled by vaccination. These illnesses include human immunodeficiency virus, human herpes viruses, and viruses that cause hepatitis. There are now eight pathogens recognized in the herpes virus family that cause infections in humans. Infections by the herpes viruses are opportunistic and often life-threatening, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in the increasing number of chronically immune compromised individuals such as AIDS patients, cancer patients and transplant recipients on immunosuppressive therapy. Nearly all individuals with AIDS are infected with one or more of the herpes viruses. Antiviral therapy with guanosine nucleoside analogs acyclovir and ganciclovir has had a major impact on diseases caused by herpes simplex virus type-1 and type-2 (HSV-1, HSV-2), Varicella zoster virus (VZV), and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) but development of resistant virus strains and the absence of any effective treatment for other members of the herpes family provide a stimulus for increased search of new agents effective against various herpes viruses. Pyrimidine nucleosides have taken up an important role in the therapy of virus infection. Significant progress in the study of anti-herpes nucleosides has been made by the advent of 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides such as 5-iodo-, 5-ethyl-, 5-(2-chloroethyl)-, and (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)- derivatives of 2'-deoxyuridine. These are highly specific inhibitors of HSV-1, HSV-2, and/or VZV infections. However, Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and HCMV are much less sensitive to these agents. In 5-substituted pyrimidine nucleosides the nature of substituents, particularly at the C-5 position, has been found to be an important determinant of anti-herpes activity. Structural requirements at the C-2 carbon of the 5-substituent of pyrimidine nucleosides have been well established for anti-herpes activity. However, there is little qualitative or mechanistic knowledge of the derivatives with substitution at the C-1 carbon of the 5-substituent of pyrimidine nucleosides. During the last few years of our research, we have investigated a variety of C-1 functionalized substituents at the 5-position of the pyrimidine nucleosides to determine their usefulness as antiviral (herpes) agents. In the 5-(1-substituted) group of pyrimidine nucleosides, we demonstrated that novel substituents present at the C-1 carbon of the 5-side chain of the pyrimidine nucleosides are important determinants of potent and broad spectrum antiviral (herpes) activity including EBV and HCMV. In this article the work on design, synthesis and structure activity relationships of several 5-[(1-substituted) alkyl (or vinyl)] pyrimidine nucleoside derivatives as potential inhibitors of herpes viruses is reviewed.
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PMID:5-(1-Substituted) alkyl pyrimidine nucleosides as antiviral (herpes) agents. 1554 74

It has been proposed that some host factors may affect the intracellular drug concentration leading to the inability of drug regimens to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in cells. Among them, two factors, whose description is the main aim of this review, have been considered during the last years with particular emphasis. They are: i) altered uptake and reduced activation of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) in target cells, and ii) efflux of NRTIs and protease inhibitors (PIs) by cellular transporter molecules. In fact, several authors have shown that: changes in the activity of various purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic enzymes may occur in lymphocytes of HIV-infected patients; HIV-infected patients on prolonged treatment with nucleoside analogs, such as zidovudine, show significantly decreased activity of thymidine kinase compared to untreated HIV-infected persons; NRTI and PIs are substrates for the so-called multidrug membrane transporters. With regard to the latter issue, it is known that the ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins such as the P glycoprotein, and the newly discovered family of multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP 1-9) promote the active extracellular efflux of a wide variety of therapeutics and overexpression of some of them lowers intracellular concentration of PIs. In the very near future such mechanisms, called by most authors "cellular drug-resistance", might be taken into account, together with other immunological, virological and behavioral factors, to explain "drug failure" and/or the variability of response in HIV patients undergoing an antiretroviral treatment.
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PMID:Host factors and efficacy of antiretroviral treatment. 1564 66


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