Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

During a three-week period in March/April 1987, the authors examined 253 consecutive patients referred to a rural hospital in northwestern Tanzania. Sera were tested for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I), as well as for various parasites, hepatitis B virus, and Treponema pallidum. Neopterin (urinary and serum) was chosen as the immunologic parameter. In eight of the 253 patients (3.2%), a clinical diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was established. Three of the AIDS patients had HIV-1 antibodies, two had HIV-1 antigen, one had both HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, and in one patient, only HIV-2 antibodies were found. The total HIV-1 and HIV-2 seroprevalence (antibodies plus antigen) was 4.3%; HTLV-I seroprevalence was 9.9%. No correlation could be found between HIV (or HTLV-I) seropositivity and raised levels of antibody to the above pathogens. There was, however, a significantly positive correlation between HIV seropositivity and history of gonorrhea, whereas a history of operations, injections, vaccinations, blood transfusions, or scarification did not influence the level of HIV seropositivity. The most frequently noted epidemiologic association with HIV seropositivity was traveling to or coming from Uganda or Rwanda. Two thirds of the studied Tanzanians had elevated neopterin levels, and all seven HIV-seropositive patients with clinical signs of AIDS had extremely high serum and urinary neopterin levels compared with HIV-seropositive patients without signs of AIDS. Increased neopterin levels reflect a stimulation of the T-cell/macrophage system.
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PMID:Retroviral infections (HIV-1, HIV-2, and HTLV-I) in rural northwestern Tanzania. Clinical findings, epidemiology, and association with infections common in Africa. 254 23

In 79 homosexual men infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), urinary neopterin was significantly higher as compared with 70 HIV-seronegative men in the same cohort (p less than 0.0001). This highly significant association was found both for naturally occurring oxidized (native) neopterin and for total neopterin (native plus chemically oxidized forms). In prospective follow-up for 18 months, the odds that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) would develop were elevated 25-fold among those whose native neopterin levels were in the highest quartile compared with those with lower neopterin levels, and the corresponding odds ratio for total neopterin was 7.8. Logistic regression analyses indicated that neopterin added useful information to T4-cell count in predicting AIDS onset and that both are statistically significant in the multivariate model. A cross-sectional survey revealed that neopterin levels were correlated with number of receptive anal intercourse partners in the year before HIV seroconversion (r = 0.60, p = 0.0005). Since neopterin may serve as a marker of monocyte/macrophage activation by soluble factors such as gamma-interferon, these data support a growing body of virologic and immunologic evidence that highlights the important role of the monocyte/macrophage in the pathogenesis of AIDS.
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PMID:Neopterin: a predictive marker of acquired immune deficiency syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus infection. 256 73

Neopterin measurements are especially useful as an early marker in (e.g.) allograft rejections and in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). An increased concentration of total neopterins (neopterin + dihydroneopterin) is also a significant marker in patients with HIV-1 infection. In this study we compared concentrations of neopterin and total neopterins in urine samples from 77 homosexual men with and 73 without established HIV-1 infection. HIV-1-seropositive homosexual men had higher concentrations of neopterin and total neopterins (and 7,8-dihydroneopterin) in their urine than did those who were HIV-1-seronegative, and there was a close correlation between neopterin and total neopterins. Both neopterin variables correlated inversely with CD4+ T-cell counts and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios but not with CD8+ T-cell counts in the HIV-1-seropositive men. Our data indicate that measurements of neopterin and total neopterins are of almost equal potential for clinical diagnosis. However, when measuring total neopterins, which includes oxidation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin to neopterin, more strict requirements of sample collection and handling are necessary to avoid degradation of the 7,8-dihydro derivative.
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PMID:Urinary neopterin concentrations vs total neopterins for clinical utility. 259 Oct 46

Estimation of neopterin in urine has become part of examination in phenylketonuria, malignities, immunodeficiency incl. AIDS and HIV infection. The authors describe a simple chromatographic method for estimation of neopterin which does not call for highly efficient liquid chromatography nor imported kits. The di- and tetrahydro- forms of neopterin are oxidized with MnO2 and stable neopterin is obtained. The specimen is purified on a Dowex 50WX4 (Fluka) column in a H+ cycle and on PRESEPC18 (TESSEK) columns. Then thin-layer chromatography on Merck Kieselgel 60F254 plates is used in a system of ethyl acetate--isopropanol--1 N NH4OH (35:45:25). Fluorescence is assessed on a densitometer (Shimadzu CS-920 at 367.5 nm). The RF of neopterin is 0.214. The fluorescence is linear within the range of 5-200 ng. The method is sufficiently sensitive also for the estimation of normal neopterin excretion. The authors submit the results of estimations in controls, immunopathies and AIDS.
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PMID:[Simple chromatographic determination of the neopterin marker in immunopathies]. 272 Jul 37

The present prospective study was performed to describe physiological immunosuppressive effects dependent on minor surgical interventions and an immunodeficiency syndrome after major surgery and severe trauma. Parameters of cellular and humoral immunity were monitored in 64 patients of the Department of Surgery of the University Hospital Zurich preoperatively and on days 1, 2, 3 and 4 after selective surgery or polytrauma. 22 patients were multiply traumatized (mean ISS 34.7 +/- 13), 14 patients underwent Y-grafting of the abdominal aorta, 11 resection of colorectal carcinoma, 8 cholecystectomy and 9 inguinal herniotomy. There could be seen a decrease of parameters of cellular immunity (absolute lymphocyte count, CD-4-/CD-8-cell-ratio and release of IL2-receptors), a decrease of humoral defense (immunoglobulins and complement factors) and an increase of macrophage activation (serum levels of neopterin).
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PMID:[Immunosuppression caused by surgery and severe trauma]. 277 89

Immune parameters were studied in 86 haemophilia patients (six with AIDS) and 87 healthy controls. We found lymphocytotoxic alloantibodies in HIV-positive (HIV+) sera which reacted preferentially with B lymphocytes but also with T lymphocytes, and which reacted more frequently at 4 degrees C than at 37 degrees C. The antibodies were not directed against HIV-induced structures on T lymphocytes and they were reactive with both CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes. In addition to cytotoxic alloantibodies, cytotoxic autoantibodies were detected which coated patient lymphocytes in vivo. Increased proportions of in vivo-antibody-coated-cells were found in 37 of 86 haemophilia patients. Antibody binding was labile so that the immunoglobulins were partially removed from the lymphocyte surface by washing. The autoreactive antibodies were of IgG and IgM type, fixed complement as demonstrated by increased anti-C3d+ cells in the patients' blood, and reacted with CD4+ as well as CD8+ lymphocytes. There was a statistically significant correlation of increased Ig+ cells with HIV infection, decreased CD4/CD8 ratios, increased serum neopterin levels, and abnormal in-vitro responses to pooled allogeneic stimulator cells or CD3 monoclonal antibody. Patients with increased Ig+ cells were lymphopenic, had decreased absolute counts of CD4+, CD25+, CD21+ and OKM5+ cells, and higher percentages of CD8+ and OKIa1+ cells in their blood than patients with normal levels of Ig+ cells. Our data suggest a role of autoreactive anti-lymphocyte antibodies in the pathogenesis of acquired immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Lymphocyte autoantibodies and alloantibodies in HIV-positive haemophilia patients. 278 32

Levels of neopterin and alpha and beta interleukin-1 (IL-1) in sera of normal controls, asymptomatic intravenous drug abusers, homosexuals, and patients with lymphadenopathy or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome were measured. Neopterin levels were elevated in the sera of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative intravenous drug abusers and homosexuals, as well as in the sera of HIV-seropositive patients. Alpha IL-1 was the most predominant form of IL-1 found in the sera of all groups, and its level in HIV-seronegative intravenous drug abusers was elevated compared with the level in controls, whereas its levels in asymptomatic HIV-seropositive intravenous drug abusers and asymptomatic HIV-seronegative and HIV-seropositive homosexuals were decreased relative to the level in controls. Beta IL-1 levels in sera in all groups were not significantly different from the control value, except for the HIV-seropositive homosexual group; in this group the beta IL-1 level was significantly decreased compared with the control value.
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PMID:Neopterin and alpha and beta interleukin-1 levels in sera of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 233 80

65 patients belonging to known acquired-immune-deficiency-syndrome (AIDS) risk groups were tested for mitogen responsiveness to pokeweed mitogen, concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin, percentages of peripheral blood CD4, CD8 and Leu7 lymphocyte subsets, serum neopterin levels, and gamma-interferon (gamma-IFN) concentrations in cell culture supernatants. Patients with clinical symptoms of human-immunodeficiency-virus infection showed reduced gamma-IFN production in vitro. The IFN concentrations were correlated significantly with mitogen-induced blastogenesis. High serum neopterin levels and decreased CD4/CD8 ratios were associated with diminished gamma-IFN levels. The percentage of Leu7 lymphocytes was increased in a group of patients with strikingly elevated gamma-IFN levels.
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PMID:Correlation of in vitro immune defects with impaired gamma interferon response in human-immunodeficiency-virus-infected individuals. 313 64

Neopterin is produced in large amounts specifically from macrophages upon stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). Measurement of neopterin allows a direct in vivo quantification of T cell activation. This is particularly useful, e.g., in early diagnosis of graft rejection. Since disease states with elevated neopterin levels in some cases are coupled with an impaired cellular immunity, we decided to investigate the possible influence that severely diminished cellular immunity might have on urinary neopterin levels. Our investigation on six children with severe primary immunodeficiency presents some evidence that immunodeficiency itself does not account for an increase in neopterin when patients are free from infections. Neopterin was also normal in an SCID patient who was completely lacking T cells and was suffering from severe infections. Two patients with primary immunodeficiency and residual T lymphocytes suffered from severe infections and showed elevated neopterin. The data support the hypothesis that elevated neopterin levels are dependent on the presence of activated T lymphocytes. Residual T lymphocytes of SCID patients have the capacity to induce neopterin in vivo when patients suffer from infections.
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PMID:Urinary neopterin in infants with primary immunodeficiency. 326 Feb 10

We studied neopterin excretion levels and immunological features of 20 patients affected by Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), compared to 30 normal controls. Eighteen patients had the classic form of Kaposi's sarcoma (CKS), while two patients were anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive and affected by the epidemic form associated with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In CKS patients, a trend of an increase of neopterin levels with more advanced stages appeared from our data whereas a significant reduction in CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes subsets was observed already at early stages (P less than 0.01). CD8+ cells did not show significant variations. A significant increase in serum IgA immunoglobulins (P less than 0.05) was also observed. Comparative analysis of the two patients affected by AIDS/KS showed the profound deficit in T-cell immunity but also the prognostic value of neopterin monitoring. Furthermore these findings seem to confirm Kaposi's sarcoma as an 'opportunistic neoplasia' and indicate neopterin as a useful prognostic marker.
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PMID:Urinary neopterin and immunological features in patients with Kaposi's sarcoma. 265 43


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