Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Thirty-two isolates of the dimorphic fungus Penicillium marneffei were studied for their biochemical properties. All isolates possessed the enzyme urease and were inhibited by 500 mg of cycloheximide per liter. No strain fermented glucose, and thus no strain fermented any of the other five sugars tested. All assimilated glucose, maltose, and cellobiose; only one of the isolates did not assimilate salicin. Totals of 65.6, 84.4, and 71.9% of the isolates assimilated trehalose, xylose, and nitrate, respectively. Twelve strains possessed the enzyme beta-galactosidase. Overall, 17 different biotypes were recognized, but no association was found between the human immunodeficiency virus status of the patients and the biotype. A novel finding of concentration-dependent growth inhibition of P. marneffei by galactose is described. Inhibition of growth occurred at a low concentration of galactose (0.015 to 0.25%) when galactose was the sole carbon source in the medium. Morphological changes of the fungal cells were observed in the presence of galactose.
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PMID:Biotyping of Penicillium marneffei reveals concentration-dependent growth inhibition by galactose. 1128 65

Candida dubliniensis is a newly recognized species closely phylogenetically related to Candida albicans and is commonly associated with oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. In this paper we report the isolation of three strains of C. dubliniensis, from AIDS patients, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The phenotypic identification was based on germ tube emission, abundant production of chlamydospores, assimilation of sucrose but not of xylose and the inability to grow at 42 degrees C. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and genomic DNA sequencing confirmed the distinct genetic nature C. dubliniensis. Topics related to the epidemiology, isolation, phenotypical and genotypical identification of C. dubliniensis are also discussed.
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PMID:First isolation of Candida dubliniensis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 1133 83

The BCCM/IHEM Biomedical Fungi/Yeasts collection hosts 1200 Candida albicans strains of the Vanbreuseghem mycotheque isolated between 1951 and 1997. From this collection, 469 freeze-dried C. albicans strains, producing chlamydospores, germ tubes and forming green colonies on CHROMagar, all isolated before 1990, were screened to identify the Candida dubliniensis isolates. Screening was performed in different steps using the growth at 45 degrees C, the assimilation of xylose, the intracellular beta-glucosidase activity test and C. dubliniensis-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers from ACT1 intron sequence. Five isolates (1%) were identified as C. dubliniensis: one isolate was not documented, the others were of oropharyngeal origin of which two (1987 and 1990) were from proven human immunodeficiency virus patients.
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PMID:Prevalence of Candida dubliniensis in the BCCM/IHEM Biomedical Fungi/Yeasts culture collection (isolates before 1990). 1223 Feb 28

Candida dubliniensis is a newly described yeast species that is a close phylogenetic relative of C. albicans. Although it has been reported from different parts of the world, no detailed investigation of this species has been done in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of the present study was to identify C. dubliniensis isolates recovered from clinical specimens at a tertiary-care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, and to determine the drug susceptibility profiles of those isolates. Over a period of 8 months, 823 germ tube- and chlamydospore-positive yeasts identified as C. albicans and recovered from different clinical specimens were screened for their ability to grow at 45 degrees C on Sabouraud dextrose agar. Isolates which failed to grow at 45 degrees C were presumptively identified as C. dubliniensis. The species identities were further confirmed by the production of pseudohyphae and chlamydospores on Staib agar and their inability to assimilate D-xylose and alpha-methyl-D-glucoside by using the API 20C AUX system. A total of 27 (3.3%) isolates were identified as C. dubliniensis. They were all recovered from 23 human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. The prevalence of C. dublinensis in bronchoalveolar lavage (33.3%), oral (16.7%), and blood (16.7%) specimens was high. In addition, 33 isolates previously identified as C. albicans and preserved among our stock blood culture isolates were also recruited for the study. Of these, 5 isolates were found to be C. dubliniensis, thus making the total number of isolates identified as this species 32. Antifungal susceptibility testing of the C. dubliniensis isolates showed 100% sensitivity to amphotericin B, 97% sensitivity to each of fluconazole and ketoconazole, and 87.5% sensitivity to itraconazole. However, in contrast to other studies, the majority of the isolates (65.6%) showed high levels of resistance to flucytosine (MIC > 64 microg/ml). Further studies are warranted to investigate the cause of this unusually high rate of resistance to flucytosine of the C. dubliniensis isolates in this region.
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PMID:Candida dubliniensis at a university hospital in Saudi Arabia. 1273 25

The absorption of rifampin, isoniazid, and D-xylose in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and diarrhea, in patients with HIV infection and tuberculosis (TB), in patients with pulmonary TB alone, and in healthy subjects was studied. Percentage of dose of the drugs, their metabolites, and D-xylose excreted in urine were calculated. A significant reduction in the absorption of drugs and D-xylose in both the HIV infection/diarrhea and HIV infection/TB groups was observed (P<.05), and the correlation between them was significant. Our results indicate that patients with HIV infection and diarrhea and those with HIV infection and TB have malabsorption of rifampin and isoniazid.
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PMID:Malabsorption of rifampin and isoniazid in HIV-infected patients with and without tuberculosis. 1469 62

Candida dubliniensis is an emerging pathogen capable of causing oropharyngeal, vaginal and bloodstream infections. Although C. dubliniensis is similar to Candida albicans in several phenotypic characteristics, it differs from it with respect to epidemiology, certain virulence factors and the ability to develop resistance to fluconazole rapidly. In this study, the first seven isolations of C. dubliniensis from Kuwait are described, all originating from non-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients. The isolates were initially identified by the Vitek 2 yeast identification system, positive germ tube test, production of rough colonies and chlamydospores on Staib agar and by their inability to assimilate xylose, trehalose or methyl alpha-D-glucoside. The species identity of the isolates was subsequently confirmed by specific amplification of rDNA targeting the internally transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2), restriction endonuclease digestion of the amplified DNA and direct DNA sequencing of the ITS2. Using the E-test method, the MICs of C. dubliniensis test isolates were in the range 0.125-0.75 microg ml(-1) for fluconazole, 0.002-0.75 microg ml(-1) for itraconazole, 0.006-0.125 microg ml(-1) for ketoconazole, 0.002-0.5 microg ml(-1) for amphotericin B and 0.002-0.016 microg ml(-1) for voriconazole. Two of the isolates were resistant to 5-flucytosine (>32 microg ml(-1)), but none against fluconazole. The study reinforces the current view that C. dubliniensis has a much wider geographical and epidemiological distribution.
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PMID:Isolation and molecular identification of Candida dubliniensis from non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients in Kuwait. 1518 34

Since the discovery of 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (d4T) as potent and selective inhibitors of the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), there has been a growing interest for the synthesis of 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'dideoxynucleosides with electron withdrawing groups on the sugar moiety. Here we described an efficient method for the synthesis of such nucleoside analogs bearing structural features of both AZT and d4T The key intermediate, 3-azido-1,2-bis-O-acetyl-5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-D-ribofuranose, 5 was synthesized from commercially available D-xylose in five steps, from which a series of pyrimidine and purine nucleosides were synthesized in high yields. The resultant protected nucleosides were converted to target nucleosides using appropriate chemical modifications. The final nucleosides were evaluated as potential anti-HIV agents.
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PMID:Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of beta-D-3'-azido-2',3'-unsaturated nucleosides and beta-D-3'-azido-3'-deoxyribofuranosylnucleosides. 1643 43

Diarrhoea and malnutrition are common findings in patients with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In this disease, enteropathy leads to fat and D-xylose malabsorption and chronic non-specific inflammation of the small bowel. Moreover, gastrointestinal infection can induce severe diarrhoea. Depletion in real body cell mass, body fat content, and weight loss have been observed. Nutritional therapy is mandatory when weight loss is 10% or greater. Enteral feeding is not easily achieved. Parenteral feeding including fat as a nonprotein calorie source improves general condition. The use of intravenous fat emulsions has been hypothesized to have several beneficial effects. Fluidisation of human immunodeficiency virus membranes by lipid emulsions through cholesterol extraction could decrease the infectivity of the virus. Long term intravenous nutrition may be more than a treatment for malabsorption and depletion; it may possibly have direct pharmacological effects.
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PMID:Nutrition, the gastrointestinal tract and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Facts and perspectives. 1683 3

A sulfated polysaccharide named naviculan was isolated from a diatom, Navicula directa (W. SMITH) RALFS, collected in deep sea water from Toyama Bay. The polysaccharide consisted of fucose, xylose, galactose, mannose, rhamnose and sulfate with an apparent molecular weight of 220000. It showed antiviral activities against herpes simplex viruses type 1 and 2, and influenza A virus with selectivity indices (CC50/IC50) of 270, 510 and 32, respectively. Naviculan also showed an inhibitory effect on cell-cell fusion between CD4-expressing and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gp160-expressing cells that was used as a model system of infection with HIV.
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PMID:Antiviral sulfated polysaccharide from Navicula directa, a diatom collected from deep-sea water in Toyama Bay. 1701 66

Antibody 2G12 is one of a small number of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) monoclonal antibodies exhibiting potent and broad human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-neutralizing activity in vitro, and the ability to prevent HIV-1 infection in animal models. It could be used to treat or prevent HIV-1 infection in humans, although to be effective it would need to be produced on a very large scale. We have therefore expressed this antibody in maize, which could facilitate inexpensive, large-scale production. The antibody was expressed in the endosperm, together with the fluorescent marker protein Discosoma red fluorescent protein (DsRed), which helps to identify antibody-expressing lines and trace transgenic offspring when bred into elite maize germplasm. To achieve accumulation in storage organelles derived from the endomembrane system, a KDEL signal was added to both antibody chains. Immunofluorescence and electron microscopy confirmed the accumulation of the antibody in zein bodies that bud from the endoplasmic reticulum. In agreement with this localization, N-glycans attached to the heavy chain were mostly devoid of Golgi-specific modifications, such as fucose and xylose. Surprisingly, most of the glycans were trimmed extensively, indicating that a significant endoglycanase activity was present in maize endosperm. The specific antigen-binding function of the purified antibody was verified by surface plasmon resonance analysis, and in vitro cell assays demonstrated that the HIV-neutralizing properties of the maize-produced antibody were equivalent to or better than those of its Chinese hamster ovary cell-derived counterpart.
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PMID:Recombinant antibody 2G12 produced in maize endosperm efficiently neutralizes HIV-1 and contains predominantly single-GlcNAc N-glycans. 1797 49


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