Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The incidence of diabetes was reduced in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice fed a diet containing 1000 IU/kg of vitamin E. Histologic examination of the islets of these mice, however, disclosed a frequency of insulitis that approximated the frequency found in animals fed conventional diets. The vitamin E-treated mice were not immunosuppressed, as judged by normal T cell subsets in the spleen and normal T cell proliferative responses to concanavalin A. NOD mice deprived of vitamin E were also protected from diabetes. However, these mice had delayed growth, reduced T cell numbers in the spleen, and impaired proliferative responses to mitogens, which is indicative of secondary immunodeficiency. The data are consistent with the view that antioxidant treatment may limit immunologically mediated damage to islet beta cells.
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PMID:Vitamin E supplementation reduces the incidence of diabetes but not insulitis in NOD mice. 158

The literature is briefly summarized as to how several nutrients affect immune function, susceptibility to infection, and cancer susceptibility or progression. Nutritional deficiencies can impair immunity and so influence susceptibility to infectious agents, including ones that are common and relatively virulent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. A variety of nutrients affect several of the immune functions that are defective in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. For example, beta-carotene increased the number of CD4+ cells; vitamin E decreased the number of CD8+ cells and increased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio; vitamin D decreased the CD4+/CD8+ ratio; and iron increased the number of peripheral lymphocytes in humans receiving supplementation. Furthermore, nutritional deficiencies can influence gastrointestinal function, while infectious diseases can influence nutrient requirements by altering the efficiency of absorption and the rate of tissue metabolism. Malnutrition, depressed serum zinc levels, and intestinal nutrient malabsorption have been found in AIDS patients. The above findings suggest that dietary manipulations might diminish the immune defects in HIV infection and enhance resistance to opportunistic infections. However, dietary alterations in immune defects are generally not well quantified and may be small relative to the magnitude of the defects observed in AIDS patients. Because conflicting or adverse effects have been reported for some nutrients, recommendations for dietary supplementation in HIV-infected individuals are premature and possibly hazardous. Further studies are much needed to relate dietary nutrient intakes to clinical outcomes.
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PMID:The potential role of nutritional factors in the induction of immunologic abnormalities in HIV-positive homosexual men. 265 89

The immune system plays a key role in the body's ability to fight infection and reduce the risk of developing tumors, autoimmune and degenerative disease. Nutritional deficiencies and excesses influence various components of the immune system. Early studies investigating the association between nutrition and immunity focused on generalized protein-energy malnutrition, particularly in children in developing countries. The extent of immunological impairment depends not only on the severity of malnutrition but on the presence of infection and on the age of onset of nutritional deprivation, among other factors. In industrialized nations, immune function has been shown to be compromised in many malnourished hospitalized patients, small-for-gestational age infants, and the elderly. Obesity also may adversely influence immune function. Imbalances of single nutrients are relatively uncommon in humans, and investigations of protein and amino acids and specific vitamins, minerals, and trace elements generally are carried out in experimental animals. Deficiencies of protein and some amino acids, as well as vitamins A, E, B6 and folate, are associated with reduced immunocompetence. In contrast, excessive intake of fat, in particular polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g. linoleic and arachidonic acids), iron, and vitamin E are immunosuppressive. Trace elements modulate immune responses through their critical role in enzyme activity. Both deficiency and excess of trace elements have been recognized. Although dietary requirements of most of these elements are met by a balanced diet, there are certain population groups and specific disease states which are likely to be associated with deficiency of one or more of these essential elements. The role of trace elements in maintenance of immune function and their causal role in secondary immunodeficiency is increasingly being recognized. There is growing research concerning the role of zinc, copper, selenium, and other elements in immunity and the mechanisms that underlie such roles. The problem of interaction of trace elements and immunity is a complex one because of the frequently associated other nutritional deficiencies, the presence of clinical or subclinical infections which in themselves have a significant effect on immunity, and finally the altered metabolism due to the underlying disease. There are many practical applications of our recently acquired knowledge regarding nutritional regulation of immunity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Nutrition, immune response, and outcome. 309 56

Elevation of IgE has been associated with T-cell dysregulation and with the occurrence of opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The precise cause of IgE overproduction during the early stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 disease, however, has not been established. In light of reports demonstrating that IgE production may be affected by vitamin E levels in an animal model, we evaluated nutritional status in relationship to plasma IgE levels and immune parameters in 100 asymptomatic HIV-1-seropositive and 42 HIV-1-seronegative homosexual men. Approximately 18% of the HIV-1-seropositive population demonstrated biochemical evidence of plasma vitamin E deficiency (< 5 micrograms/ml). Subsequent analysis of available samples indicated a dramatic elevation of IgE levels (308 +/- 112 IU/ml) in vitamin E-deficient seropositive subjects (n = 9) as compared with age and CD4-matched HIV-1-seropositive persons with adequate vitamin E levels (n = 16, 118.1 +/- 41.1 IU/ml) and significantly lower levels (59.5 +/- 15.7 IU/ml) in HIV-1-seronegative men (n = 20, p = 0.01). This effect, which was independent of CD4 cell count, did not appear to be influenced by atopic or gastrointestinal parasitic disease. The low plasma vitamin E levels were related at least in part to dietary intake (r = 0.552, p = 0.01), suggesting that supplementation may be warranted in HIV-1-infected persons in whom vitamin E deficiency develops. Analysis of covariance revealed a strong relationship between IgE levels and CD8 cell counts (p < 0.006), and between IgE level and vitamin E deficiency (p < 0.039).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Elevated IgE level in relationship to nutritional status and immune parameters in early human immunodeficiency virus-1 disease. 772 70

Highly potent substances are produced by the immune system. These substances include cytokines and oxidant molecules, such as hydrogen peroxide, free radicals, and hypochlorous acid. The purpose of immune cell products is to destroy invading organisms and damaged tissue, bringing about recovery. However, oxidants and cytokines can damage healthy tissue. Excessive or inappropriate production of these substances is associated with mortality and morbidity after infection and trauma, and in inflammatory diseases. Oxidants enhance interleukin-1, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor production in response to inflammatory stimuli by activating the nuclear transcription factor, NF kappa B. Sophisticated antioxidant defenses directly and indirectly protect the host against the damaging influence of cytokines and oxidants. Indirect protection is afforded by antioxidants, which reduce activation of NF kappa B, thereby preventing up-regulation of cytokine production by oxidants. Cytokines increase both oxidant production and antioxidant defenses, thus minimizing damage to the host. While antioxidant defenses interact when a component is compromised, the nature and extent of the defenses are influenced by dietary intake of sulfur amino acids, for glutathione synthesis, and vitamins E and C. In animal studies, in vivo and in vitro responses to inflammatory stimuli are influenced by dietary intake of copper, zinc, selenium, N-acetylcysteine, cysteine, methionine, taurine, and vitamin E. Information from animal studies has yet to be fully translated into a clinical context. However, N-acetylcysteine, vitamin E, and a cocktail of antioxidant nutrients have reduced inflammatory symptoms in inflammatory joint disease, acute and chronic pancreatitis, and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Impaired antioxidant defenses may contribute to disease progression after infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Powerful arguments have been advanced for treatment with antioxidants to slow progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Nutritional antioxidants and the modulation of inflammation: theory and practice. 792 42

We prospectively studied the relationship between dietary intake at baseline and the development of AIDS over 6 years in a population-based sample of 296 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive men. Nutrient intake was assessed before HIV serostatus was known. Subjects diagnosed with AIDS at baseline or during the 1st year were excluded. After adjustment for baseline CD4 T-lymphocyte count, HIV symptoms, and other risk factors, no nutrients were significantly associated with AIDS. However, when the continuous CD4 count and HIV symptom variables were replaced with a single binary health status variable, the hazard of AIDS decreased as consumption increased for all 11 micronutrients; this relationship was statistically significant for iron, vitamin E, and riboflavin and approached significance for vitamins C, thiamine, and niacin. Higher intake of all 11 micronutrients was associated with higher CD4 counts at baseline, and was significantly so for six of them. Daily multivitamin use was associated with a reduced hazard of AIDS [hazard ratio (HR) = 0.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.5, 1.0] and a significantly reduced risk for low CD4 counts at baseline (HR = 0.6, 95% CI = 0.4, 0.9). Additional studies are needed to determine whether dietary intake modifies the rate of developing AIDS in those who are HIV seropositive.
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PMID:A prospective study of dietary intake and acquired immune deficiency syndrome in HIV-seropositive homosexual men. 810 Feb 73

Deficiency in antioxidant micronutrients have been observed in patients with AIDS. These observations concerning only some isolated nutrients demonstrate a defect in zinc, selenium, and glutathione. An increase in free radical production and lipid peroxidation has been also found in these patients, and takes a great importance with recent papers presenting an immunodeficiency and more important an increase in HIV-1 replication secondary to free radicals overproduction. We have assessed different studies, trying to obtain a global view of the antioxidant status of these patients. In adults we observe a progressive decrease for zinc, selenium, and vitamin E with the severity of disease, except that selenium remains normal at stage II. However, the main dramatic decrease concerns carotenoids whose level at stage II is only half the normal value. To understand if these decreases in antioxidant and increases in oxidative stress occur secondary to the aggravation of the disease or, conversely, are responsible for it, we undertook a longitudinal survey of asymptotic patients. The preliminary results of this evaluation are presented. Paradoxically, lipid peroxidation is higher at stage II than at stage IV. This may be consecutive to a more intense overproduction of oxygen free radicals by more viable polymorphonuclear (PMN) at the asymptomatic stage. The free radicals production and lipid peroxidation seem secondary to a direct induction by the virus of PMN stimulation and cytokines secretion. N-Acetyl cysteine or ascorbate have been demonstrated in cell culture to be capable of blocking the expression of HIV-1 after oxidative stress and N-acetyl cysteine inhibits in vitro TNF-induced apoptosis of infected cells. In regard to all these experimental data, few serious and large trials of antioxidants have been conducted in HIV-infected patients, although some preliminary studies using zinc or selenium have been performed. In our opinion it is now time to evaluate in humans the beneficial effect of antioxidants. The more promising candidates for presenting synergistic effects when associated with N-acetyl cysteine seem to be beta-carotene, selenium and zinc.
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PMID:Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in patients infected with HIV. 819 33

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is believed to play an important role in the activation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent findings suggesting an involvement of reactive oxygen species in signal transduction pathways leading to NF-kappa B activation have encouraged the possible clinical use of antioxidants in blocking HIV activation. We have examined the effects of vitamin E and alpha-lipoate derivatives on NF-kappa B activation, and have observed that each of these antioxidants behave differently. Here we propose mechanisms of antioxidant actions in influencing cell signalling for NF-kappa B activation.
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PMID:Vitamin E and alpha-lipoate: role in antioxidant recycling and activation of the NF-kappa B transcription factor. 826 37

To investigate nutritional status and heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, we performed a nested case-control study of sexually active, adult women in Kigali, Rwanda. Forty-five women who seroconverted during the 24-month study period were compared to 74 women who remained seronegative throughout the study. Seroconvertors and nonseroconvertors did not differ in preseroconversion serum levels of vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin E, selenium, albumin, ferritin, or cholesterol. Weight loss, however, was a significant predictor of eventual HIV seroconversion. Subsequent seroconvertors lost an average of 1.5 kg during the first 6 months of the study compared with a 1.0-kg gain (p = 0.001) for nonconvertors. Nine of 27 (33%) seroconvertors, compared with one of 44 (2%) controls, lost at least 5 kg in the 6-month period beginning 1 year before their seroconversion (odds ratio, 21.5, 95% confidence interval 4.1-112). The association between weight loss and seroconversion was independent of other potential risk factors such as socioeconomic status, pregnancy, and genital ulcer disease. In addition to these findings for measured weight loss during follow-up, reported weight loss before enrollment was also a risk factor for subsequent seroconversion. Additional studies of heterosexual HIV transmission are needed to determine whether or not weight loss is causally related to susceptibility for HIV infection.
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PMID:Role of nutritional status and weight loss in HIV seroconversion among Rwandan women. 849 90

Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) is believed to play an important role in the activation of a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Recent findings suggesting an involvement of reactive oxygen species in signal transduction pathways leading to NF-kappa B activation have ensured the possible clinical use of antioxidants in blocking HIV activation. The present study examined the effects of vitamin E derivatives on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) induced NF-kappa B activation. Incubation of human Jurkat T cells with vitamin E acetate or alpha-tocopheryl succinate (10 microM to 1 mM) exhibited a concentration dependent inhibition of NF-kappa B activation. alpha-Tocopherol or succinate at these concentrations had no apparent effects. 2,2,5,7,8-Pentamethyl-6-hydroxychromane (PMC) was extremely effective, causing complete inhibition of NF-kappa B activation at 10 microM. Oct-1 binding activity was inactivated by alpha-tocopheryl succinate whereas other derivatives had no effects, suggesting that the effects of alpha-tocopheryl succinate are not specific to NF-kappa B. HPLC measurements demonstrated that treatment of cells with TNF-alpha had no effects on cellular alpha-tocopherol, but vitamin E acetate treatment increased the alpha-tocopherol content. Cell viability was not affected by any of the vitamin E derivatives. These results indicate a possible use of vitamin E derivatives in AIDS therapeutics.
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PMID:Inhibition of NF-kappa B activation by vitamin E derivatives. 850 18


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