Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infection from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is well known for the particular host susceptibility to a variety of opportunistic infections and unusual malignant neoplasms. Although no tumor develops exclusively in concomitance with HIV infection, malignancies in these patients have different clinical behaviour, response to treatment and prognosis than the pattern observed in HIV negative hosts. Kaposi's sarcoma (EKS) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are tumors per se diagnostic of AIDS in patients with HIV infection. From 1987 to 1991, 210 HIV positive patients underwent ENT examination without symptom-related selection: 128 were intravenous drug users, 50 homosexual males, 22 heterosexuals, 4 intravenous male homosexual drug users, 3 blood recipients and 3 subjects without known risk factors. Sixteen were allocated in group II, 37 in III, 9 in IV A, 2 in IV B, 31 in IV C1, 37 in IV C2, 48 in IV D and 30 in IV E. Fourteen had head and neck EKS localization. All were males, with a median age of 40 of which 11/14 were homosexuals. The concomitant involvement of skin and mucosa was the most common manifestation and the palate was the most frequently affected mucosal site. Twenty-four had NHL localized within the head and neck: 21 males and 4 females with a average age of 38, 10 intravenous drug users, 9 homosexual males, 3 heterosexuals, 1 blood recipient, 1 subject without known risk factors. Extranodal localization was the most frequent characteristic while the gums were the most commonly involved site. The main characteristics of head and neck manifestations of EKS and NHL are reported with references to literature. The majority of HIV infected patients with EKS or NHL have ENT localizations, perhaps because lymphatic tissue, a HIV target, is well represented in this area and contamination by infectious agents (such as Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus, probably involved in the pathogenesis of EKS and NHL) can easily occur in the head and neck. The otolaryngologist should be aware of the various, and sometimes misleading, characteristics of these diseases.
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PMID:[The cervicofacial manifestations of Kaposi's sarcoma and of non-Hodgkin's lymphomas in HIV-infected patients]. 141 19

Quality-assurance sera (QAS) are prepared from pooled sera composed of thousands of individual donations. Previous studies documented that a substantial percentage of individual QAS test positive for viral disease markers, including antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus and to hepatitis B surface antigen. We tested 239 QAS from various proficiency programs and commercial sources to determine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody. We tested samples for anti-HCV by using an enzyme immunoassay (EIA; Abbott Labs.) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Ortho Diagnostics). We observed an overall positive rate of 49% by one or both assays in all categories of sera tested. In addition, we found a greater rate of positivity (58%) in proficiency program samples than in commercial samples (43%). We found discrepant results between the two assays for 15 of 239 samples (6%). In the discrepant samples, the EIA result was positive, whereas the ELISA result was negative. Anti-HCV positivity in QAS has important implications for laboratory personnel handling these samples.
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PMID:Prevalence of non-A, non-B hepatitis/hepatitis C virus antibody in laboratory quality-assurance sera. 164 89

A rapid immunobinding assay ('HIVCHEK', Ortho) and an agglutination assay ('Serodia-HIV', Fujirebio) were evaluated as an alternative to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blot under field conditions in Africa for detection of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 7106 specimens were tested at 25 laboratories in Kenya, Ghana, Senegal, and Zaire. HIVCHEK was used as a screening test, and serodia-HIV as a supplemental test to evaluate these assays in an alternative testing strategy to the standard ELISA/western blot testing procedure. In each country, HIVCHEK was more sensitive and specific than ELISA when compared with western blot. The sensitivity of HIVCHEK ranged from 87.0 to 96.3% and the specificity from 99.0 to 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of serodia-HIV ranged from 85 to 98% and from 88 to 98%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were affected by the presence of HIV-2 in Ghana and Senegal. Overall, with an HIV-1 prevalence of 14.8% in Kenya and 22.5% in Zaire, the sensitivities of the alternative strategy were 96.4% and 91.4%, the specificities 99.6% and 100%, the positive predictive values 97.6% and 100%, and the negative predictive values 99.3% and 97.9% for Kenya and Zaire, respectively. With this testing format there was an estimated average cost saving of up to 82% over the conventional strategy with ELISA/western blot. This procedure constitutes a reasonable alternative to the standard ELISA/western blot combination.
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PMID:Field evaluation of alternative HIV testing strategy with a rapid immunobinding assay and an agglutination assay. 167 6

Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) was evaluated using Ortho and Abbott HCV Elisa assays and the Abbott EIA Neutralization assay in 150 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive patients and compared with the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) markers. Overall prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies was 29.3%; significant variations were seen across human immunodeficiency virus risk factor subgroups: prevalence was 10.2% in homosexual men, 12.0% in bisexual men, 73.5% in intravenous drug users, 13.3% in blood transfusion recipients, and 16.6% in frequent travellers. Seroprevalence was higher in the 20 to 40 year-old age group and in patients stage II or III according to the Center for Disease Control classification. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus markers (75.7% and 17.5% respectively) was analyzed according to hepatitis C virus marker status; patients with HBcAb were more likely to have antibodies against hepatitis C virus than their HBcAb-negative counterparts. Further studies are needed to investigate the influence of coexposure to human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus on liver lesions. Data from this study show that coinfection or coexposure is common.
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PMID:[Seroprevalence of hepatitis C in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients]. 190 84

The nutritional and immunological status have been evaluated in 28 consecutive patients with esophageal cancer. Patients (21 male and 7 female), had a mean age of 61 years, ranging from 34 to 84 years. The tumor histological type was squamous in 25 patients. A melanoma, an oat cell carcinoma and a adenocarcinoma were observed in the remaining cases. The nutritional status was assessed by means of weight loss, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference and serum levels of albumin and transferrin. On the basis of this data the patients were divided into two groups: A, 19 patients (68%), normal nourished group (or with a mild malnutrition) and B, 9 patients (32%) with a severe malnutrition. The immunological status was assessed by determining the lymphocyte absolute number (H-6000-Technicon), the T-Lymphocyte sub-populations (flow-cytometry with monoclonal antibodies--Ortho Diagnostic System) and the patient's response to intradermally placed recall antigens (Multitest Merieux). Significative immunological abnormalities were found only in malnourished patients, group B (p less than 0.05). Moreover a reduction of OKT4 helper (less than 30%) and the inversion of OKT4/OKT8 ratio (less than 0.9%) were also observed only in the malnourished group (p less than 0.01). Therefore, we conclude that acquired immunodeficiency, when present in patients with esophageal cancer, is due to the severe malnutrition rather than to the cancer itself.
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PMID:[Relationship between nutritional and immunologic status in patients with esophageal cancer]. 194

The prevalence of hepatitis C infection was evaluated (Ortho HCV Antibody ELISA Test) in 64 patients with chronic renal failure treated in a single hemodialysis unit. None of these patients was a carrier of hepatitis B virus nor of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus. Antibodies against hepatitis C virus were detected in 11 patients (17%). The prevalence was higher in the 13 previously diagnosed of non A, non B hepatitis (77%) than in the 51 without previous hepatitis (2%) (p less than 0.001). A relationship between the infection rate and the number of previous blood transfusions was also observed: 5% in the patients without previous transfusions, 13% in the 30 patients who had received between 1 and 10 blood units and 40% in the 15 who had received more than 10 blood units (p less than 0.05). These data suggest that the hepatitis C virus may be responsible for most episodes previously diagnosed as non A, non B hepatitis, and that blood transfusions are the major risk factor.
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PMID:[Hepatitis C virus infection in patients treated with hemodialysis]. 212 6

The AA. inform about the case of a young man, 23, with immunodeficiency (positive HIV antibodies) and malignant otitis externa associated. They recall the etiopathogenesis, the diagnosis, the evolution and the treatment of the disease, pointing out that this case is the first one (published in the ENT bibliography) of malignant otitis-external otitis and HIV linked together.
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PMID:[Malignant otitis externa and HIV antibodies. A case report]. 228 1

6 trademark condoms, 5 made of latex (Durex Coral, Ortho Shields, Prime, KLV, and Man-To-Man) and 1 lubricated natural membrane condom (Kling-Tite Naturalamb) were tested mechanically to determine whether they were effective barriers to leakage of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A 3 ml suspension of HIV concentrate was put into each condom and the condom placed over the plunger of a disposable syringe. The plunger was vigorously pumped as many as 50 times for each condom. No virus crossed the membrane of any of the latex condoms, but a significant passage of retroviral antigen through a leak in the natural membrane condom occurred after only 10 pumping movements. In addition some of the latex condoms were treated with spermicide, and these showed varying degrees of virus inactivation inside the condom. Further studies should be done on the use of spermicide-treated condoms. In any case, the use of condoms should be promoted among groups at high risk for AIDS such as prostitutes in Central Africa where condom use remains unpopular.
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PMID:The latex condom, an efficient barrier against sexual transmission of AIDS-related viruses. 312 90

Anti-human immunodeficiency virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits marketed by Electro-Nucleonics Inc. (ENI), Genetic Systems Corp. (GSC), Organon Teknika Inc. (OTI), Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc. (ODSI), and Wellcome Diagnostics (WD) were evaluated by using 289 randomly selected serum samples from a high-risk population and 53 serum samples likely to produce false-positive results. The radioimmunoprecipitation assay was used as the reference test. Sensitivities ranged from 96.51% (ODSI, WD) to 97.67% (ENI, GSC, OTI). Sera showing antibodies to viral glycoproteins only produced the false-negative results. Specificities ranged from 99.6% (ENI, GSC, ODSI, OTI) to 100% (WD). False-positive results were obtained with sera from patients with autoimmune disease or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Only results from GSC and OTI kits were distributed in two compact clusters well segregated on either side of the cutoff point. ODSI and GSC kits had the best intralot reproducibility. The GSC kit had the best interlot reproducibility. Cutoff values for ODSI and GSC kits were the least variable. Intraplate repeatability was good for all kits. Sample localization was not an important source of variability. Our results do not point out one outstanding kit among the five evaluated. However, the GSC kit showed the best overall results.
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PMID:Performance and reliability of five commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in screening for anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody in high-risk subjects. 317 Jul 12

Since January 1990, Japanese Red Cross Blood Centres have introduced hepatitis C virus screening with a first-generation ELISA. From April to December 1992, approximately 0.98% among 10,905,489 blood donations screened by a second-generation assay were anti-HCV-positive in all Japan. Seropositivity of anti-HCV increased with the age and serum transaminase value in both sexes. In blood donors having a history of transfusion, the anti-HCV reactive rate was 7.4%. The results of the study made by the Japanese Red Cross Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis Research Group show the effectiveness of implementation of HCV screening to prevent posttransfusion hepatitis. Consecutive haemodialysis patients with chronic renal failure are at risk for infection by a variety of blood-borne agents transmitted within dialysis units. Because of their immunocompromised state, they frequently also have an unusual susceptibility to a variety of nosocomial infections, such as HBV, HCV, and HTLV-I. We tested the prevalence of anti-HCV in 1423 (848 males and 575 females) haemodialysis patients from 18 hospitals in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan, using the Ortho first generation anti-HCV screening assay. There were 316 patients (22.2%) positive for HCV antibodies. The second-generation test was positive in most haemodialysis patients who were reactive to the first-generation assay. The prevalence of HCV infection increased with the duration of haemodialysis, yet there was a high frequency of HCV seropositivity even without blood transfusion. Acquisition of HCV in dialysis patients could be explained by HCV infection within the unit other than by blood (all haemodialysis are done with disposable kits, syringes, and needles), by secondary HCV infection after the immunodeficiency of haemodialysis, or by HCV infection of the kidney or glomerular deposition of immune HCV/anti-HCV complexes leading to chronic renal failure (as with HBV infection of the liver and kidney.
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PMID:Seroepidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection in Japan and HCV infection in haemodialysis patients. 752 23


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