Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The health condition of man has changed considerably since life insurance companies have been established. The initial problem of the companies was the fact that many young persons died from tuberculosis. For many decades persons from families with tuberculosis cases or with underweight were not accepted for insurance on their lives. Nevertheless companies observed many deaths causes by this disease. Medical directors and actuaries studied these cases in detail (dates and numbers), even of the deceased. The resulting statistics formed the premium calculation basis for persons with an increased risk. Comparative studies allowed acceptance for more people. Within the last decades when sulfonamides, antibiotics and insulin were discovered and produced the mortality ratio decreased. Nowadays, even persons who suffered from tuberculosis do not present an increased risk anymore. The life expectancy has doubled during the last century. This is why degenerative diseases increased, especially the coronary heart diseases. While thirty years ago the mortality ratio stood at about 500%, improved medical and surgical therapy made prognosis easier and when risk factors can be eliminated the mortality ratio tends to be less than 200%. Since insulin is available, patients with type I-diabetes do not die anymore in coma, the remaining risk is the sclerosis of the vessels. Diabetes with adults increases with overweight, high blood pressure and hyperlipemia. The mortality ratio depends on these risk factors. Morbus Crohn, first described in 1932, seems to increase. Life insurance needs more long-term statistical data. For only some years we are confronted with the immunodeficiency "Aids".(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:[Change in the panorama of chronic diseases and their insurability by life insurance]. 273 88

Malnutrition characterized by weight loss and often extreme wasting generally develops when patients progress from infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to AIDS. There is evidence that before the development of AIDS, HIV-infected patients without weight loss show early signs of malnutrition, defined as an increase in the ratio of extracellular mass (ECM) to body cell mass (BCM). As part of a dietary intervention study, body composition measurement were obtained at baseline and after 6 wk in 18 patients with HIV infection and CD4 counts between 140 and 740 cells/mm3. Only one patient had a prior weight loss (3.7 kg); patients gained 2 pounds after 3 wk of dietary supplementation of 500 kcal daily. Bioelectrical impedance was used to measured body compartments. The average ECM/BCM ratio (0.77 +/- 0.13) was within the normal range (0.83 +/- 0.16) indicating the absence of malnutrition by this criterion. Most measurements of BCM (kg) approximated normal values, while several for BCM (kg) exceeded normal. BCM (kg) correlated poorly with the ECM/BCM ratio (r2 = 0.08; P = 0.11) in contrast to ECM (kg), which was well correlated (r2 = 0.82; P = 0.00). In addition, there was a significant correlation of body mass index (BMI) with the ECM/BCM ratio (r2 = 0.38; P = 0.00) and with ECM (r2 = 0.244; P = 0.003) indicating that overweight patients may be more likely to be considered malnourished than normal weight patients using this ratio. Without use of bioelectrical impedance, these subtle changes might be missed. Once significant weight loss has occurred coupled with decreases in BCM (kg), the ECM/BCM ratio may be more reflective of malnutrition. These conjectures will require prospective evaluation, but for now it seems reasonable to include bioelectrical impedance as a potentially useful tool in the evaluation of malnutrition in this population.
 ...
PMID:Body composition changes in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 926 54

Priority health-risk behaviors, which contribute to the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among youth and adults, often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, are interrelated, and are preventable. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults--behaviors that contribute to unintentional and intentional injuries; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (including human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] infection); unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes a national school-based survey conducted by CDC as well as state, territorial, and local school-based surveys conducted by education and health agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 33 state surveys, and 16 local surveys conducted among high school students during February through May 1999. In the United States, approximately three fourths of all deaths among persons aged 10-24 years result from only four causes: motor-vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 1999 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey demonstrate that numerous high school students engage in behaviors that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes--16.4% had rarely or never worn a seat belt; during the 30 days preceding the survey, 33.1% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol; 17.3% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey; 50.0% had drunk alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey; 26.7% had used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the survey; and 7.8% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among young persons also result from unintended pregnancies and STDs, including HIV infection. In 1999, nationwide, 49.9% of high school students had ever had sexual intercourse; 42.0% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse; and 1.8% had ever injected an illegal drug. Two thirds of all deaths among persons aged > or = 25 years result from only two causes--cardiovascular disease and cancer. The majority of risk behaviors associated with these two causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 1999, 34.8% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey; 76.1% had not eaten > or = 5 servings/day of fruits and vegetables during the 7 days preceding the survey; 16.0% were at risk for becoming overweight; and 70.9% did not attend physical education class daily. These YRBSS data are already being used by health and education officials at national, state, and local levels to analyze and improve policies and programs to reduce priority health-risk behaviors among youth. The YRBSS data also are being used to measure progress toward achieving 16 national health objectives for 2010 and 3 of the 10 leading health indicators.
 ...
PMID:Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance--United States, 1999. State and local YRBSS Coordinators. 1098 Dec 82

Priority health-risk behaviors, which contribute to the leading causes of mortality and morbidity among youth and adults, often are established during youth, extend into adulthood, are interrelated, and are preventable. This report covers data during February-December 2001. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults; these behaviors contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity. The YRBSS includes a national school-based survey conducted by CDC as well as state, territorial, and local school-based surveys conducted by education and health agencies. This report summarizes results from the national survey, 34 state surveys, and 18 local surveys conducted among students in grades 9-12 during February-December 2001. In the United States, approximately three-fourths of all deaths among persons aged 10-24 years result from only four causes: motor-vehicle crashes, other unintentional injuries, homicide, and suicide. Results from the 2001 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey demonstrated that numerous high school students engage in behaviors that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes: 14.1% had rarely or never worn a seat belt during the 30 days preceding the survey; 30.7% had ridden with a driver who had been drinking alcohol; 17.4% had carried a weapon during the 30 days preceding the survey; 47.1% had drunk alcohol during the 30 days preceding the survey; 23.9% had used marijuana during the 30 days preceding the survey; and 8.8% had attempted suicide during the 12 months preceding the survey. Substantial morbidity and social problems among young persons also result from unintended pregnancies and STDs, including HIV infection. In 2001, 45.6% of high school students had ever had sexual intercourse; 42.1% of sexually active students had not used a condom at last sexual intercourse; and 2.3% had ever injected an illegal drug. Two-thirds of all deaths among persons aged > or = 25 years result from only two causes: cardiovascular disease and cancer. The majority of risk behaviors associated with these two causes of death are initiated during adolescence. In 2001, 28.5% of high school students had smoked cigarettes during the 30 days preceding the survey; 78.6% had not eaten > or = 5 servings per day of fruits and vegetables during the 7 days preceding the survey; 10.5% were overweight; and 67.8% did not attend physical education class daily. Health and education officials at national, state, and local levels are using these YRBSS data to analyze and improve policies and programs to reduce priority health-risk behaviors among youth. The YRBSS data also are being used to measure progress toward achieving 16 national health objectives for 2010 and 3 of the 10 leading health indicators.
 ...
PMID:Youth risk behavior surveillance--United States, 2001. 1238 72

The Hepatitis C virus has emerged over the last two decades as the cause of the second greatest viral infection epidemic after the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A significant characteristic of the infection with the Hepatitis C virus is the variable course of its natural history. About 80% of the people who acquire this agent develop a chronic infection, with varying degree of liver damage, including cirrhosis and even hepatocelular carcinoma. However, only a minority progresses towards more severe forms. Several factors associated with the host seem to influence the progression of Hepatitis C into cirrhosis. The most important are alcohol abuse, the age in which the infection is acquired, duration of the infection, overweight, male sex and coinfection with Hepatitis A or B or HIV. Evidence of the role of iron levels in the liver, tobacco or the source of infection are less clear. The factors associated with the agent do not seem to play any role in the progression of the disease. Additional studies with adequate control groups are required to confirm the participation of the above mentioned host factors and to identify others which could influence the natural history of the Hepatitis C infection. A reduction in the ingestion of alcohol, overweight and tobacco consumption could contribute to the treatment of HVC chronic infection, as well as vaccination against Hepatitis A and B.
 ...
PMID:[Risk factors for the progression of chronic hepatitis C virus infection]. 1285 89

Liver enzyme elevations are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, and their diagnosis or management may be difficult because of the intricacies of the pathogenic mechanisms involved. These include hepatotoxicity related to the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen, idiosyncratic or immunoallergic mechanisms, and direct cytotoxicity enhanced by an underlying liver disease. Liver enzyme abnormalities may also reflect hepatitis B (HBV) or hepatitis C (HCV) infection, which each have their own risks for chronic immune-mediated liver disease (including hepatitis flare after immune reconstitution) and of direct cytotoxicity. Finally, other factors may affect liver deterioration, including alcohol-related liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis associated with metabolic syndromes (e.g., hyperlipidemia, diabetes, or being overweight) that are potentially HAART related, and use of medication or illicit drugs (e.g., methamphetamine). A better understanding of these complex interactions, including adjustments of dosages of antiretroviral drugs, will probably help in the management of HIV-infected patients with liver enzyme abnormalities.
 ...
PMID:HIV infection and hepatic enzyme abnormalities: intricacies of the pathogenic mechanisms. 1498 77

CDC developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) to monitor six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth--behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity--plus overweight. These risk behaviors contribute markedly to the leading causes of death, disability, and social problems among youth and adults in the United States. YRBSS includes a national school-based survey conducted by CDC as well as state, territorial, and local school-based surveys conducted by education and health agencies. In these surveys, conducted biennially since 1991, representative samples of students in grades 9--12 are drawn. In 2003, a total of 15,214 students completed the national survey, and 32 states and 20 school districts also obtained data representative of their jurisdiction. Although multiple publications have described certain methodologic features of YRBSS, no report has included a comprehensive description of the system and its methodology. This report describes the background and rationale for YRBSS and includes a detailed description of the methodologic features of the system, including its questionnaire; operational procedures; sampling, weighting, and response rates; data-collection protocols; data-processing procedures; reports and publications; and data quality. YRBSS is evolving to meet the needs of CDC and other users of the data.
 ...
PMID:Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system. 1538 15

Nutrition is a critical determinant of immune response being the most common cause of immunodeficiency in the world. 104 preschool children, apparently healthy, from a private school were chosen to determine lymphocyte subpopulations and to evaluate its relationship to the anthropometric nutritional status and serum zinc. Nutritional status was measured by the indicator weight for height, lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry and serum zinc by atomic absorption spectrophotometry A high percentage of the population (87.5%) belonged to socioeconomic level II (Graffar). Nutritional deficit was present in 9.5 percent of the studied children, while 16.2% were overweight. Values for lymphocytes subpopulations and serum zinc were within reference ranges, similar to other reports and there were no significant differences by sex, age or nutritional status. Low concentrations of serum zinc were present in 6.7% of children. There was a tendency to lower values of the T lymphocyte populations in hypozincemic children but it did not reach statistical significance. As there are not reference values for lymphocyte subpopulation in Venezuelan children, these results could be used as reference for future investigations. Continuity of research is needed to understand relationship of micronutrients levels and immune response.
 ...
PMID:[Lymphocyte subpopulations in preschool Venezuelan children of high socioeconomic status]. 1558 88

The experience in the clinical use of the ALMA apparatus for general magnetic therapy is described. Recommendations are given for further scientific research into the applicability of general magnetic therapy for treatment of various diseases, including sociogenic pathologies (overweight, chronic intoxication, immunodeficiency).
 ...
PMID:[Some aspects of use of rotating magnetic field for medical treatment]. 1788 74

Antiretroviral medications have significantly improved the prognosis of subjects infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, long-term complications of these drugs are increasingly recognized as significant causes of morbidity and mortality. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which can evolve into non-alcoholic steato-hepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and ultimately hepatic failure is one of the more often observed complications in the current clinical practice and the correlation with liver enzyme elevations is controversial. Multiple factors have been considered as possibly correlated to this event in the HIV-infected population, including metabolic abnormalities (such as hyperlipidaemia, hyperglycaemia and being overweight), chronic inflammation, concurrent infection with hepatitis C and B viruses, and treatment with certain nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI). HIV-associated syndromes such as lactic acidosis and lypodystrophy are frequently associated with fatty liver disease and a mitochondrial injury has been considered as its possible pathogenetic factor. In particular, treatment containing stavudine and didanosine have proven to be the most commonly implicated in the occurrence of mitochondrial abnormalities. Epidemiologic data to better define the role of predictive factors and drugs associated with the development of NAFLD are still lacking. Furthermore, it remains unclear the better therapeutic management for this condition, even if the current best therapeutic option for NAFLD is the treatment of the underlying disease. Other studies are mandatory to better elucidate the pathogenesis of NAFLD and the optimal therapeutic strategy for the underlying conditions.
 ...
PMID:Steatohepatitis in HIV-infected subjects: pathogenesis, clinical impact and implications in clinical management. 1789 69


1 2 3 4 Next >>