Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We retrospectively assessed the frequency and clinical characteristics of headache occurring in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients in whom we had excluded all other causes, and determined the frequency of a similar headache in an HIV-negative group. Over a 1-year period, the HIV-related headache occurred in 2.8% of total admissions to the HIV service as opposed to 0.2% of admissions to the neurology service. The affected patients had advanced HIV infection (CD4+ cell count = 58.9 +/- 80.3; normal, > 500 x 10(-6)/l). The headache had features similar to those ascribed to HIV aseptic meningitis and was not related to the presence of AIDS dementia complex or its subsequent development over a 6-month follow-up. We propose that this is a distinct clinical entity related to HIV infection that is similar, if not identical, to HIV aseptic meningitis except for the lack of a CSF pleocytosis, probably reflecting the lymphocyte depletion that is characteristic of the more advanced state of HIV infection.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus-related headache. 817 May 49

The range of diseases in which intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is effective has expanded significantly since its initial use in primary antibody deficiency. There are at present at least 17 preparations of IVIG in use worldwide with similar profiles of adverse effects. Infusion-related effects range in severity. Mild adverse reactions (headache, flushing, low backache, nausea, wheezing) are often associated with a fast infusion rate, and respond rapidly on slowing the infusion. Very rare episodes of life-threatening anaphylaxis may occur, particularly in those IgA-deficient patients with anti-IgA antibodies; such patients should receive an IgA-depleted preparation of IVIG. There are concerns with any blood product about safety in regard to viral transmission. The 4 outbreaks of non-A non-B hepatitis (probably hepatitis C) in the 1980s were associated with the use of particular batches of IVIG. The more recent exclusion of all anti-hepatitis C virus positive individuals from the donor pool, and the introduction of specific antiviral steps in the manufacture of IVIGs, should prevent further outbreaks. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is effectively inactivated during the manufacturing process itself and HIV transmission has not been reported with IVIG. Rarely, haematological (Coombs' test positive haemolysis), neurological (aseptic meningitis) or renal (transient rises in serum creatinine) adverse effects may be seen when high doses of IVIG are used for immunomodulatory purposes. Haemolysis, due to passive transmission of blood group antibodies (anti-A, anti-D), may be prevented by selecting IVIG batches that give a negative cross-match between the recipient's red cells and IVIG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Adverse effects of intravenous immunoglobulin. 826 Jan 19

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is able to replicate in many human cells such as helper lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages and glial cells. Monocytes/macrophages must be considered an important reservoir of HIV in vivo and a producer of cytokines such as Interleukin-1 (IL1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). These substances lead to an autocrine feedback loop that produces an increased virus replication and a secondary induction of other cytokines such as Interleukin 6 (IL6) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF). These cytokines all together may be responsible for many clinical aspects of the disease such as headache, fever, anorexia, subtle cognitive changes, motor disfunctions and cachexia. The future strategies in the treatment of AIDS must be a combination of drugs acting on different points of viral replication and with synergistic potential. Omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3) can be considered a candidate for their pleiotropic effects on immunological and metabolic systems. In particular, their use is considered for their ability to decrease IL1 and TNF production by monocytes/macrophages, as demonstrated by many authors. The decreased induction of these cytokines and consequently of IL6 and acute phase proteins may have beneficial effects on many clinical manifestations of AIDS such as cachexia.
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PMID:Omega-3 fatty acids as coadjuvant treatment in AIDS. 828 91

We studied the painful symptoms associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and its treatment in a group of men enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study of HIV effects on the nervous system. The most common painful illnesses reported were HIV-related headaches, herpes simplex, painful peripheral neuropathy, back pain, herpes zoster, 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT)-induced headaches, throat pain, and arthralgia. Painful illnesses were reported at all stages of systemic disease but were more common in the later stages of disease and in subjects who progressed to a more advanced stage during the study period. There was an association between the frequency of multiple pains, increased disability on the Karnofsky scale, and higher depression scores, as measured by the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). We conclude that painful symptoms are important even in relatively healthy and independent HIV-infected men.
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PMID:Painful symptoms reported by ambulatory HIV-infected men in a longitudinal study. 837 98

In this report an overview is given of the contribution of cognitive approaches to behavioral medicine. The (possible) contribution of cognitive therapy is reviewed in the area of coronary heart disease, obesity, bulimia nervosa, chronic pain, benign headache, cancer, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus and asthma. Although the relative contribution of cognitive therapy varies across these various disorders, its positive effects are now well established and new advances undoubtedly will be made in the next few years.
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PMID:Cognitive interventions in behavioral medicine. 841 88

Zidovudine is a dideoxynucleoside analogue of thymidine. It acts by interfering with viral reverse transcriptase, thereby inhibiting human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication. Zidovudine has been shown in clinical trials to prolong survival of patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and advanced AIDS-related complex (ARC), and to delay progression to ARC or AIDS in patients with earlier disease. At the present time it is suggested that zidovudine be initiated when the CD4 lymphocyte count is less than 500 cells/mm3. Recent studies have suggested a delay in the development of AIDS in patients with CD4 counts over 500 cells/mm3, but ongoing studies will require confirmation. The adverse reactions associated with zidovudine have been well described. It appears that haematological toxicity is associated with both the dose and stage of disease. Anaemia may present more often within the first 3 months of therapy, whereas neutropenia can occur early or late. Mild headache and gastrointestinal intolerance may occur early and in some cases limit tolerance to the drug. A number of neurological adverse reactions have been reported rarely including seizures and dose-reduction encephalopathy. The most significant late adverse reaction is that of myopathy, which occurs in patients receiving zidovudine for more than 6 months. With careful monitoring, the adverse reactions of zidovudine are manageable and patient tolerance of the medication is acceptable.
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PMID:Zidovudine toxicity. Clinical features and management. 848 Dec 17

21 seroconversion HIV-infected subjects have been examined. 16 of them presented with acute symptoms. The disease in the period of seroconversion manifested with fever, weakness, headache, pain in the throat, enlargement of peripheral lymph nodes, polymorphous eruption. Typical mononucleosis-like syndrome occurred in 3 patients only. Half of the patients had subclinical disease, no eruption was seen. Because of clinical indications only 8 of 21 patients were examined for HIV infection. One-third of the patients in seroconversion had moderate thrombocytopenia, probably of autoimmune nature. Autoimmune disorder of the thyroid was registered in 1 patient. The diagnosis of acute HIV infection is not easy in view of rare occurrence of immunodeficiency typical for this infection. Candidiasis of the mucosa was seen in 37.5%, low levels of CD4-lymphocytes in 66.7% of the cases.
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PMID:[The clinical manifestations of HIV infection during seroconversion]. 857 Dec 43

The clinical presentation, radiological and laboratory evaluation, treatment, and risk factors of sinusitis in a cohort of 376 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected children from a placebo-controlled clinical trial of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) as prophylaxis for infections were examined. Ninety-five episodes of sinusitis were described in 60 patients; one-third of the patients had two or more episodes. Sinusitis episodes were commonly associated with nonspecific, chronic symptoms (67.4%, persistent nasal discharge; 54.7%, nocturnal or persistent cough), whereas symptoms more specific to acute sinusitis were less frequent (17.9%, headache or facial pain; 9.5%, periorbital swelling; 25.3%, temperature of > or = 102 degrees F; 9%, total white blood cell count of > or = 15,000/mm3). The sinuses primarily involved were the maxillary sinus (85.9%) and the ethmoidal sinus (42.3%); 36% of episodes involved two or more sinuses. Preceding respiratory infections did not appear to increase the risk of sinusitis, and CD4+ lymphocyte counts in children with and without sinusitis did not differ. Neither monthly IVIG prophylaxis nor three times weekly trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia decreased the risk of sinusitis. Sinusitis in HIV-infected children is most often subacute and recurrent. Evaluations of new modalities for prophylaxis for sinusitis are needed.
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PMID:Sinusitis in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus: clinical characteristics, risk factors, and prophylaxis. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Intravenous Immunoglobulin Clinical Trial Study Group. 858 39

Eleven cases of cryptococcal meningitis were diagnosed and biotyped from September 1991 to August 1992 in Papua New Guinea (PNG). Seven isolates were Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii from paediatric and adult patients, one with diabetes mellitus and 4 were C. neoformans var. neoformans from adults, of whom 2 had human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, and one each had tuberculosis and Plasmodium vivax malaria. Significant clinical findings were headache, fever, meningism, vomiting, photophobia, papilloedema and cranial nerve lesions. Five patients (45.5%) died; 3 of these were adults with var. gattii and 2 were men with both var. neoformans and HIV-1 infections. This prospective tropical study documents the emergence of C. neoformans var. neoformans in patients with HIV-1 infection in a country where previously var. gattii had predominated in the immunocompetent. There has been no earlier report of cryptococcosis in an HIV-1 seropositive patient in PNG. Despite presumed exposure to both varieties of C. neoformans, var. gattii infections had been most frequent. As HIV-1 spreads, the proportion of hosts infected with var. neoformans may rise. The course of meningitis caused by the 2 varieties of C. neoformans may differ, with mortality in the tropics remaining particularly high. In PNG the environmental source of C. neoformans remains elusive.
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PMID:Meningitis caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii and var. neoformans in Papua New Guinea. 873 Mar 14

The new onset of headache in a person infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be an ominous sign of a significant underlying neurological disorder. This case control study compares the prevalence of headache in HIV-seropositive persons without identifiable neurological disease on study entry to that in an HIV-seronegative control population with similar risk factors for HIV infection. Features of headache that were evaluated included frequency, duration, location, severity, and recent change in characteristics. In the HIV-seropositive population, the presence of headache and its specific features were correlated with the degree of immunosuppression as determined by absolute CD4 counts and Centers for Disease Control stages, the presence of other neurological symptoms and neurological signs, cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) values. Headaches were common; approximately 50% of all subjects reported headache at study entry and 2 years later. Headache frequency and characteristics were not different between HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative subjects. Headache was neither more frequent nor different in HIV-seropositive individuals with advanced immunosuppression. There was no correlation between headache and abnormal CSF parameters, cranial MRI abnormalities, including the presence of sinusitis, or the use of zidovudine.
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PMID:Headache and human immunodeficiency virus infection: a case control study. 881 27


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