Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sera from 260 men from Denmark and elsewhere attending two Copenhagen sauna clubs for homosexual men during nine months of 1982-1983 were investigated for markers for syphilis, hepatitis A and B, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Five per cent (12 men) had active syphilis, and another 35% (92) had a history of and/or serologic markers for syphilis. Ninety-four men (36%) were positive for antibodies to hepatitis A virus, ten (4%) were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and 153 (59%) were positive for antibodies to HBsAg. Antibodies to HIV were found in 45 (20%) of the 220 men investigated for this marker. Markers for hepatitis A and B and for syphilis were more frequent in the HIV antibody-positive individuals, but the association was significant only for markers for hepatitis B (relative risk = 2.0). Thus STD markers had little predictive value for seropositivity for antibodies to HIV. Among 37 men investigated more than once, a seroconversion rate of 3% per month for antibodies to HIV was found, but this estimate must be taken with reservation. The rate of seropositivity for antibodies to HIV among men from Denmark was 23%, and three (8%) of the 40 HIV-positive Danish men developed the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) during the four years following the initial investigation. This study shows that by 1982-1983 HIV had spread considerably in the Danish high-risk group, although there were only seven reported cases of AIDS in the country at that time.
 ...
PMID:Sexually transmitted diseases, antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus, and subsequent development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Visitors of homosexual sauna clubs in Copenhagen: 1982-1983. 335 36

Risk factors for postcoital bleeding were examined in 475 women who were enrolled in a study of heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In bivariate analyses, history of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs; P = .03), HIV infection (P = .008), and dyspareunia or pain during intercourse (P = .0001) were significant risk factors. In multivariate analysis, the two latter factors remained significant (for HIV, odds ratio [OR] = 2.1, P = .02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1-4.0; for dyspareunia, OR = 3.5, P < .001, 95% CI = 1.8-6.6), as did the interaction term of STD history and heavy smoking (OR = 2.4, P = .02, 95% CI = 1.2-5.0). Pain during intercourse was the strongest predictor of postcoital bleeding but may be part of the same phenomenon. Similarly, because this study relied on cross-sectional data, the direction of the causal pathway linking HIV to postcoital bleeding cannot be established. However, these data suggest that smoking, a modifiable risk factor, may increase risk of postcoital bleeding and contribute to susceptibility for HIV and other STDs.
 ...
PMID:Risk factors for postcoital bleeding among women with or at risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus. 864 35

The small intestine is a common site of involvement in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Although there are numerous mechanisms by which small intestinal disease may occur in HIV infected patients, the resulting clinical manifestations of these disorders are remarkably similar and include the development of diarrhoea, weight loss and nutrient deficiencies. In fact, the original designation of AIDS in African countries as the 'slim disease' underlines the importance of small intestinal involvement (most likely secondary to parasitic infections) which commonly occurs in Third World Countries. The current review will provide a clinically oriented overview of small intestinal disease in patients infected with HIV. Because specific data on treatment of small intestinal diseases in AIDS is often lacking, some presented information is based on the author's experience and opinions.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Small intestinal manifestations of HIV infection. 764 15

Forty-two Tanzanian patients with genital warts were treated with 0.5% podophyllotoxin solution (Wartec) for 3 days. Thirteen patients (30.9%) were cured and a further 7 patients (16.7%) had more than 50% of lesions cleared at 6 weeks, while 19 patients were resistant to treatment. Three patients had a recurrence of lesions after an initial response. Thirty-three patients were tested for serological evidence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 15 (45.5%) patients were shown to be HIV-1 antibody positive. The response to treatment was analysed in relation to HIV antibody status. The cure rate was significantly higher in HIV seronegative patients (8/18 = 44.4%) compared to HIV seropositive patients (1/15 = 6.7%) (P = 0.018). We conclude that podophyllotoxin treatment provides a useful non-hospital based treatment for genital warts, but HIV infection appears to contribute to the failure of treatment for genital warts.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Response to podophyllotoxin treatment of genital warts in relation to HIV-1 infection among patients in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 777 23

Recent epidemiologic, immunologic, and pathophysiologic data suggest that female genital schistosomiasis, a special form of urinary schistosomiasis due to infection with the trematode Schistosoma haematobium, may be a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the 44 African countries where these infections coexist. Eggs of the parasite are found in the organs of the female genital tract (vagina, vulva, and cervix), as well as in urine. Epidemiologists have estimated that 90 million Africans are infected with S. haematobium and that 35-100% of so infected women of childbearing age suffer intermittently from genital lesions caused by eggs sequestered within the epithelium. Lesions associated with this disease tend to be multiple and bleed easily, spontaneously or on contact. Women heavily infected with S. haematobium or S. mansoni show a decrease in the number of circulating CD4+ T cells and NK cells; moreover, a cross-reactivity between HIV-1 virion infectivity factor and a surface antigen to S mansoni has been shown. The eroded, friable epithelium of women with genital schistosomiasis provides HIV with access to deeper cell layers; moreover, the abundance of CD4+ cells and macrophages within the confines of the granuloma makes rapid binding of HIV more likely than is the case with other sexually transmitted diseases. The greatest increase in HIV prevalence in the past decade has occurred in Uganda, Kenya, Malawi, and the Central African Republic--countries with S. haematobium rates of about 70%. In addition, the HIV prevalence rate in areas highly endemic for this parasite is 1.2-1.7 times greater in women than men. Needed, to confirm this association, are correlation studies of increases in HIV prevalence over time in women 15-30 years of age and rates of genital schistosomiasis.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Female genital schistosomiasis as a risk-factor for the transmission of HIV. 781 59

Government and media education has promoted the use of condoms in an attempt to reduce the spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Condoms have been identified, in vitro, as an effective barrier to HIV and a large heterosexual study has shown there was no transmission of infection in those couples systematically using condoms. Safer sex knowledge and practice and HIV knowledge were assessed in 584 individuals, 16-74 years old, attending a London genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic via a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. Over 80% were heterosexual, 64% had attended a GUM clinic before, 60% had a history of sexually transmitted infection. Over 80% were aware of the protective effect of condoms and the risks of intravenous drug use; 66% of geographical risk factors; 49% of the risks of anal sex; and 53% perceived masturbation as safer. Only 10.4% always used condoms; over 50% gave no reason for non-use. Use was not increased in higher risk respondents nor in those with good safer sex/HIV knowledge, nor was there any sex difference. Although knowledge of some aspects of safer sex was good, anal sex risks, geographical sex risks, and alternative safer sexual practices were less well known. In addition, condom use was disappointingly low, even in the presence of good safer sex knowledge, awareness of high risk behavior and despite intense media health education. As a result of this survey educational input was increased, allowing an interaction which is lacking in media campaigns, and a variety of condoms were introduced in an attempt to increase use. Re-audit will be important in assessing the effects of such changes. Pre-adolescent targeting before sexual patterns are learned may be useful. Further research into this difficult area is essential.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Audit of patients' knowledge of their oral contraceptive pill. 781 61

Since 1981 the number of persons infected with HIV has increased steadily. There are an estimated 13 million HIV infected persons worldwide, with 5000 additional persons becoming infected with HIV each day. The global spread of AIDS has not been stopped. Even though there have been marked reductions in high-risk practices among older homosexual and bisexual men in developed countries, HIV transmission continues among young homosexual and bisexual men and intravenous (IV) drug users. HIV transmission among women and heterosexual men, especially Blacks and Hispanics, is increasing at a faster rate than other groups. In developing countries, heterosexually transmitted HIV infections are the norm. 66% of all HIV infected persons are from sub-Saharan Africa. Presence of other sexually transmitted diseases, particularly genital ulcers, facilitates HIV transmission and accounts for most cases in developing countries. 24% of US urban young heterosexuals have more than 1 sexual partner and 40% of them never use condoms with primary or secondary partners. Exchange of sex for money or drugs (e.g., cocaine) fuels the heterosexual transmission of HIV. At this time of crisis, priorities and control efforts must be reevaluated. The focus should be shifted from AIDS (the most severe stage of immunodeficiency) to HIV infection. This will allow the reinforcement of the public message that prevention of HIV infection prevents AIDS. The highest global priority should be on prevention of sexual transmission of HIV and STDs. Thus, better strategies for STD treatment need to be developed, and women need to be empowered to exert more control over barrier methods and other risk-reduction strategies. Other guiding principles must be HIV prevention among drug users; prevention programs which are planned, evaluated, and revised based on surveillance data and other studies; and comprehensive and forceful global leadership to convey, at least, a sense of urgency about the spread of HIV.
 ...
PMID:Preventing HIV: have we lost our way? 791 Mar 19

Splenectomy has been reported to alter inconsistently the CD4 lymphocyte numbers in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). To further assess the effect of splenectomy we have retrospectively examined the charts of 10 patients who were infected with HIV and who had undergone splenectomy. There was a significant increase in the mean CD4 numbers following splenectomy (mean increase of 326/microliters, or 2.1-fold, P = 0.0009), the total lymphocyte numbers (mean increase of 1.55/ml, or 2.2-fold, P = 0.001) and in the CD8 lymphocyte count (mean increase of 968/microliters, or 2.3-fold, P = 0.014). No significant difference was observed in the percentage CD4 lymphocytes (P = 0.95) or in the CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio (P = 0.76). In two patients, symptoms suggestive of impaired immune function developed post-splenectomy, at a time when their CD4 lymphocyte numbers were markedly higher than their pre-splenectomy values. One developed oral candidiasis (CD4 960/microliters, percentage CD4 32%), and in one patient a 7 kg weight loss was associated with recurrent mouth ulcers (CD4 680/microliters, percentage CD4 7%). We conclude that the total CD4 count increases significantly after splenectomy while the percentage CD4 lymphocyte count and CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio do not. Our data suggest that the CD4 lymphocyte count overestimates the immune function in these patients, although our findings are not conclusive.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:CD4 lymphocyte numbers after splenectomy in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. 791 47

The first case of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Japan was diagnosed in a homosexual male in 1985. The Ministry of Health and Welfare formed the AIDS Surveillance Committee, which published HIV seropositive and AIDS data at 2-month intervals. Excluding persons infected through blood products there were 971 HIV seropositives by April 1993, and 204 reported cases of AIDS. One of the epidemiological characteristics of HIV infection and AIDS in Japan is the rapid increase of cases of transmission through heterosexual contact since 1991. Before this, homosexual transmission was the commonest reported mode of transmission. Sporadic cases of mother-to-child transmission and some cases due to injecting drug use were also reported. It is predicted that heterosexual contact will be the primary mode of transmission of HIV in the future. Virtually all the diagnosed AIDS cases so far have been reported to this surveillance network, and it will be an important task of the network to monitor the HIV seropositive cases.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Epidemiological characteristics on human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Japan. 794 58

To obtain baseline data and reference material for the design of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention programs, condom use among Hong Kong's commercial sex workers was investigated for the first time. Interviews were conducted with 190 female sex workers and 633 male clients recruited from Department of Health Social Hygiene Clinics between April and mid-May 1993. Frequency of condom use per 10 sexual contacts was rated as never, seldom (1-3), sometimes (4-6), often (7-9), or always. With paying male clients, these rates were 11,1%, 7.4%, 11.1%, 32.1%, and 37.9%, respectively. With non-paying sexual partners, however, these rates were 51.6%, 3.7%, 7.9%, and 18.4%. There was a significant difference in condom use rates with clients between sex workers over 30 years of age (64%) and their younger counterparts (87%). Among the male clients of prostitutes, condom use was as follows: never, 11.1%; seldom, 11.7%; sometimes, 9.6%; often, 17.5%; and always, 45.2%. The reasons most frequently cited by these men for non-use of condoms were: sexual partner considered reliable (46%), reduced sexual pleasure (26%), and lack of availability (22%). On the other hand, 86% indicated they would use a condom if convinced it would reduce the risk of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases and 43% would use condoms if requested or provided by their partner. These findings suggest that the transmission of HIV by female sex workers could be substantially curtailed through the provision of free condoms to prostitutes, counseling to enable these women to take the initiative in insisting on condom use, and educational campaigns that emphasize the effectiveness of condoms in HIV prevention.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Condom use among female commercial sex workers and male clients in Hong Kong. 794 61


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>