Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sharing of contaminated injection equipment accounts for the rapid spread of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among injecting drug users (IDUs). The profile of drug addiction practice among inmates of the Shek Kwu Chau Drug Rehabilitation Centre in Hong Kong was studied. Registers on all the new admissions to the Centre during a two-year period between 1990 and 1992 were reviewed. Of the 3129 drug users studied, 68.7% were aged between 21 and 40; 84.8% were IDUs and heroin was the commonest drug of addition. Nearly 70% of the IDUs had never shared injection equipment with others. There were significantly more young addicts (< or = 30 years old) who had shared needles compared with the older ones (31.2% vs 26.8%, P < 0.05). Those with addiction time > 6 months were more likely to have shared needles than the new ones. Only 19% of the drug users accepted HIV testing at their first admission. Factors speculated for the low needle-sharing rates among IDUs in Hong Kong and the low HIV prevalence in the IDU population are discussed. It is of utmost importance to monitor continuously such a high-risk behaviour pattern so as to design appropriate intervention strategies to stop the transmission of HIV.
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PMID:Practice of drug abuse among inmates of a drug rehabilitation centre in Hong Kong. 759 33

We examined the effect of methadone treatment, duration of Medicaid enrollment during pregnancy, and other maternal characteristics on receipt of prenatal care by 2,254 women infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) delivering a singleton in New York state from 1985 through 1990. Data were obtained from the New York State Medicaid HIV/AIDS Research Data Base and vital statistics records. Adequacy of the number of prenatal visits reported by the mother on vital statistics records was assessed with use of the Kessner Index, which adjusts for gestational age at delivery. Too few visits were reported by 65% of the study population. Illicit drug users had higher odds of having too few visits [1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24-2.17] than methadone-treated women but the odds were similar for non-drug users and methadone-treated women (0.79, 95% CI 0.60-1.25). Women with brief Medicaid enrollment (< or = 25% of pregnancy) had 45% higher odds of having too few visits than did longer enrollees. Treatment for drug addiction and longer Medicaid enrollment during pregnancy may offer important interventions to increase prenatal care of HIV-infected women. Approaches to increase prenatal care of HIV-infected women are especially important given trials showing a reduction in vertical transmission from zidovudine treatment during pregnancy.
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PMID:Prenatal care of HIV-infected women: analysis of a large New York State cohort. 760 Jan 4

The authors report a case of severe pulmonary hypertension (PHT) in a couple of HIV seropositive heroin addicts. The parallel clinical course in these two patients with only mild immunodeficiency and the fact that they both had the same supplier were in favour of PHT secondary to talcoma. In the light of these cases, one wonders whether, as suggested by certain epidemiological studies currently underway, drug addiction should be considered to be a cause of PHT in its own right. According to the authors, this approach would underestimate the incidence of this disease in this particular population and would therefore bias the epidemiological data.
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PMID:[Pulmonary hypertension caused by talcoma in a couple of drug addicts]. 770 50

We studied the perinatal transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 70 high risk mother/infant pairs. Seventy-six percent of the mothers (53 of 70) were coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and 79% (55 of 70) had a history of drug addiction. During the follow-up HCV RNA was detected in 14 of 70 (20%) infants: 12% (2 of 17) in infants born to HIV-negative mothers; and 23% (12 of 53) in infants to HIV-positive mothers. The rate of vertical transmission was significantly higher in vaginally delivered infants than in those delivered by cesarean section (32% vs. 6%; P < 0.05). All 56 uninfected infants lost passively acquired anti-HCV by age 9 +/- 4 months and only 2 of 56 infants (4%) had evidence of HIV infection. Four of 14 HCV RNA-positive infants (29%) had evidence of HIV coinfection. We observed 3 clinical patterns of HCV infection: a transient viremia in 2 infants; an acute pattern in 2 infants; and a chronic pattern in 10 infants. All 4 HIV-coinfected infants had chronic HCV infection. All infants with a chronic pattern, had increased alanine aminotransferase values for more than 6 months and 5 had a liver biopsy that showed signs of chronic persistent hepatitis. HCV perinatal transmission was more frequent in infants born to HIV-coinfected mothers than in infants born to HIV-noninfected women, particularly when delivered vaginally.
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PMID:Perinatal transmission and manifestation of hepatitis C virus infection in a high risk population. 776 Nov 84

Investigated was the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) among mentally ill criminal offenders admitted to Thailand's Nitichitawej Hospital for Forensic Psychiatric Services from September 1988-February 1989. There were 325 admissions; the average age was 32.4 years. 47% had committed murder or acts of grievous bodily harm, 33% were confined for offenses against property, and 6% were arrested for drug possession. In terms of psychiatric diagnoses, the majority (78%) were schizophrenic. 18 (5.6%) had a primary diagnosis of drug addiction, but 92 (28.3%) indicated they were substance abusers. Only 6 cases (1.8% prevalence) of HIV infection were found in this population. Four of the HIV-infected prisoners had a primary diagnosis of drug addiction; the remaining two were diagnosed with schizophrenia, but both these men had a history of substance abuse. When the HIV prevalence rate was recalculated for mentally ill patients who acknowledged a history of substance abuse, it increased to 33.33%; moreover, it rose to 35.29% when computed among those arrested on drug charges. These rates are consistent with those recorded among non-institutionalized drug abusers in Thailand (around 30%). It is recommended that forensic psychiatric units take precautions to prevent the spread of HIV through homosexual activity among inmates.
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PMID:The prevalence of HIV infection among mentally ill offenders in Thailand. 786 8

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a pandemic disease with no known cure and limited effective strategies for prevention and control. It is one of the most devastating illnesses in contemporary society, and since 1982, certain populations, including intravenous drug users (IVDU), have been targeted as being at high risk for AIDS. Education is one strategy that seeks to address AIDS and the needs of IVDU. This retrospective study focused on the use of the interactive seminar or small-group discussion as an educational method to identify and describe its effect on the rate of voluntary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing among male subjects in a drug dependence treatment unit (DDTU). The subjects, 25 to 62 years old, were in treatment at a Medical Center for Veterans that was located in an urban environment. The medical records of 118 patients admitted to the unit during the year before and the year after the introduction of an HIV interactive seminar were studied. Analysis of data showed that drug users who participated in the interactive seminar had a higher rate of voluntary HIV testing than did those who did not participate; IVDU who participated in the interactive seminar had a higher rate of voluntary HIV testing than IVDU who did not participate in the seminar; drug users who completed the detoxification treatment and participated in the interactive seminar had a higher rate of voluntary HIV testing than did those who did not participate in the interactive seminar.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:The interactive seminar: an educational approach for voluntary HIV testing in a drug dependence treatment unit. 799 88

An anonymous unlinked seroprevalence study of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was performed by testing pools of ten sera remaining from specimens submitted consecutively to clinical pathology laboratories at 18 Italian public hospitals during four consecutive days in April 1991. Sera from positive pools were retested individually by three different enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) and considered positive if reactive by all three assays. Only the sera with discordant EIA results were retested by Western blot. Of a total of 22,590 sera, 278 were HIV positive (1.2%). The highest rates were seen in hospitals located in metropolitan areas (1.5%), in infectious disease departments (28%) and in drug addiction treatment units (28%); among men aged 21-30 (4.6%) and 31-40 years (4%); and among women aged 21-30 years (1.6%). The distribution of seropositive patients by gender and age group suggests an increasing role of heterosexual transmissions of the infection. The presence of anti-HIV antibodies in sera from patients of both sexes, in all age groups, and from all clinical settings reinforces the need for health care workers to adhere to universal precautions issued to prevent occupational bloodborne infections.
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PMID:Use of pooled residual laboratory sera to assess human immunodeficiency virus prevalence among patients in Italy. The Italian Study Group on Occupational Risk of HIV infection. 805 Apr 32

We describe 3 cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) in serum who developed avascular necrosis (AVN), an association that to our knowledge, has rarely been described. Given that the 3 patients had stopped their intravenous drug addiction 2 years before the clinical picture appeared, and none had any known risk factors for developing AVN, there may be an association, perhaps fortuitous, between HIV infection, the presence of aPL and the development of AVN.
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PMID:Avascular necrosis of bone in human immunodeficiency virus infection and antiphospholipid antibodies. 823 33

The authors describe three patients in whom septic arthritis of the sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) occurred, drug addiction and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection representing the predisposing conditions. Infectious arthritis is well known in intravenous drug users, but it is rare in HIV positive patients, who are prone to bacterial infections from usual or unusual microorganisms. In one case, staphylococcus aureus methicillin sensitive was responsible for septic arthritis. In another case, SCJ infection was associated with pneumonitis.
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PMID:Isolated sternoclavicular joint arthritis in heroin addicts and/or HIV positive patients: three cases. 825 48

We report 78 cases of toxoplasmosis diagnosed between 1987 and 1992, from an autopsy study of 205 patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Of the 78 patients 22 were females (28%) and 56 males (72%). Risk factors were as follows: intravenous drug addiction (44 cases, 56%), homosexuality or bisexuality (18 cases; 36%) and multiple blood transfusions (6 cases). Cerebral toxoplasmosis (CT) was diagnosed in 73 cases (93%) and was characterized by abscesses (59 cases), diffuse encephalitic lesions (8 cases), isolated cysts without inflammation (3 cases) and hemispheric involvement with ventricular hemorrhage (3 cases). Cerebral involvement were isolated (55/78 cases; 70%) or associated with multi-visceral diffusion (18/78 cases; 23%). Isolated extracerebral localization was observed in 5 cases. The most frequent extracerebral sites were: cardiac (21 cases), pulmonary (14 cases) and pancreatic (7 cases). Immunohistochemical study with anti Toxoplasma gondii antibodies allowed to a diagnosis of extracerebral localization in 8 cases. Ultrastructural features of Toxoplasma gondii were studied on post mortem myocardial samples (2 cases) open lung biopsy (1 case) and bladder biopsy specimen (1 case). Antemortem diagnosis of cerebral toxoplasmosis was performed on CT-scan in 59/73 (80%). Antemortem diagnosis of extracerebral toxoplasmosis was performed or suspected in 8/23 cases (34%): by isolation of trophozoites in bronchoalveolar lavage (2 cases), on an open lung biopsy (1 case) and on a bladder biopsy specimen (1 case), and by clinical and echocardiographic data (4 cases). Anti-toxoplasmic serology allowed to the diagnosis of toxoplasmosis in 12/78 cases (15%) by showing high levels of IgG in the serum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Toxoplasmosis in AIDS patients. Pathoclinical study of 78 cases]. 828 Feb 96


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