Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Use of condom in sexual intercourse by intravenous drug users has been assessed among a clinical population (n = 139). The multiple logistic regression results show that being a female (OR = 5.1, 95% CI = 2.0-13.2), on drug dependence for a 5-year period or more (OR = 3.0; 95% CI = 1.3-6.9) correlates with non-condom use. Less than 25% of females use condom in their sexual contacts. On the contrary a higher educational level seems to protect subjects against non-condom use (R = 0.3; 95% CI = 0.1-0.8). The most parsimonious model fitting to data at hand includes such variables as sex, educational level, partnership and frequency of sexual intercourse, as well as years on addiction. Other set of variables such as living and working status, age, and previous sexually-transmitted diseases experience are not required for the final model. Emphasis is placed on the need for developing programs aimed at modifying the high risk behavior intravenous drug users resort to in their sexual intercourse, stressing that the main dissemination cause of the human immunodeficiency virus among such a population is due to their sharing drug injections equipment.
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PMID:[Factors associated with the failure to use condoms among a population of parenteral drug addicts]. 130 27

To evaluate the role of parenteral and sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, we studied seronegative intravenous drug users recruited from 25 drug dependence treatment centers in northern Italy. All attending intravenous drug users were asked for their consent and screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus; those who were seronegative were enrolled, interviewed about their habits, and invited to follow-up visits. Between 1987 and 1989, 1,195 seronegative intravenous drug users were enrolled, 635 were followed up (mean duration, 11.9 months), and 35 seroconversions were observed. The incidence rate ratios were 3.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4-7.5) for subjects aged less than 20 years, 2.4 (95% CI 1.2-4.7) for less than 2 years of intravenous drug use, 2.2 (95% CI 0.9-5.5) for syringe sharing, and 1.0 for subjects with a sexual partner who had tested positive for human immunodeficiency virus. A case-control approach, using logistic regression and adjusting for sex, age, area, and prevalence, showed odds ratios of 13.2 (95% CI 3.1-56.8) for frequent syringe sharing and 4.0 (95% CI 1.5-10.4) for sexual contacts with seropositive partners; frequent use of condoms was associated with a reduction in risk that did not reach statistical significance. Parenteral transmission is the most important route of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus among intravenous drug users, and sexual transmission plays a relevant, additive role.
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PMID:Parenteral and sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus in intravenous drug users: a study of seroconversion. The Northern Italian Seronegative Drug Addicts (NISDA) Study. 131

The early organic mental disorder, caused by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) in the drug dependents (DD), if it is not taken into account, can disturb the diagnosis of the neuropsychiatric and the toxic disorders. The authors attempt to outline, with several neuropsychological tests (visuo-perceptual, memory, attention) and with the physical and neurologic exploration, if cognitive abnormalities are present in two groups of DD after detoxification period. The first group is infected by the HIV (n: 48), and the second one is not (n: 33). Differences can be found only in the Bender visuo-perceptual test, which are not justified by the divergences found between the groups about the drug dependence history and the present drug of abuse intake. The importance of the early diagnosis of these abnormalities is argued in order to get a suitable treatment of the possible neuropsychiatric complications in the DD development, and restrain the extent of the cognitive damage by HIV infection.
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PMID:[Neuropsychological changes in drug addicts infected with human immunodeficiency virus]. 148 76

To assess the incidence and time trends of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among intravenous drug users (IVDUs) and to evaluate the opportunities for prevention, we studied IVDUs recruited from 23 drug dependence treatment centers in Milan and Northern Italy. Participants were screened for HIV antibodies, and seronegative subjects were enrolled. A preventive intervention, based on counseling and HIV antibody testing, was done, and participants were invited to the centers for follow-up visits. We enrolled 1,532 subjects between 1 January 1987 and 31 October 1990, and we observed 901 subjects for an average of 15.9 months. Forty-one cases of HIV infection occurred, giving a seroconversion rate of 6.1% in 1987, 4.1% in 1988, 2.2% in 1989, and 1.6% in 1990. HIV prevalence decreased from 54% in 1986 to 49% in 1989. Incidence rates were higher in areas with high prevalence. During follow-up, 35 to 55% of the subjects stopped injecting heroin intravenously altogether, and those who did not stop decreased the frequency of syringe sharing. This is probably the reason for the decline in seroconversion rates, while the apparent decline in prevalence may be due to the entry of new seronegative individuals and/or to differential withdrawal of HIV-positive individuals from the IVDU population to the heterosexual (non-IVDU) population.
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PMID:Incidence and prevalence trends of HIV infection in intravenous drug users attending treatment centers in Milan and northern Italy, 1986-1990. 154 72

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has spread to almost every country so as to show the characteristics of a pandemic. According to WHO estimates, there are over 10 million infected subjects all over the world of whom two thirds are believed to be Africans. The infection is transmitted mainly heterosexually, and therefore spreads especially among young people, hence the growing number of seropositive infants, particularly in Africa. In certain European nations including France, Spain, and Italy, the percentage of infected babies is associated with maternal drug addiction whereas in Romania pediatric transmission is horizontal. According to WHO estimates, AIDS will become the main cause of death for children in many African and American Countries in the next few years. In addition, there will be a considerable number of orphans below the age of 10 whose number is expected to rise to 10 million in the course of the nineties.
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PMID:[Diffusion of HIV infection in children]. 156 60

To study the spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in Sardinia, we conducted a multicentre prospective study of the prevalence of antibody to HIV-1 (anti-HIV-1) in various populations during 1985-1989. The highest anti-HIV-1 prevalence (61.4%) was found in intravenous drug users. Anti-HIV-1 was found in 32% of haemophiliacs, 4.2% of thalassemics and less than 1% in the other groups. We conclude that control of HIV infection in Sardinia will require a major expansion of prevention and treatment programs for drug addiction.
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PMID:Epidemiology of infection with HIV-1 in Sardinia: a multicentre prospective study. 157 23

We evaluated the rheumatic manifestations in 106 patients with AIDS whose risk factor is intravenous drug addiction. All were intravenous drug addicts and carriers of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Their average age was 28.36 years; 83 were men and 23 were women; 73 were in stage IV of the HIV infection; 12 were in stage III and 21 in stage II. Rheumatic manifestations were found in 21 patients (20%). Specifically, 13 had arthralgias/myalgias, 2 demonstrated oligoarthritis, 1 had tuberculous arthritis of the knee, and 1 patient showed systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Finally, 6 patients had a history of septic arthritis. There was an absence of the Reiter syndrome/reactive arthritis, a low frequency of symptoms of articular swelling, and the marked presence of histories of septic arthritis. The practices that lead to HIV infection may play a decisive role in the appearance of rheumatic manifestations in patients with AIDS, even more than the presence of the virus itself or the immunological alterations thereby produced.
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PMID:AIDS and rheumatic manifestations in patients addicted to drugs. An analysis of 106 cases. 192 Mar 9

The newly defined syndrome AIDS includes 25 unrelated parasitic, neoplastic, and noninfectious indicator diseases. Based on epidemiological correlations, the syndrome is thought to be due to a new, sexually or parenterally transmitted retrovirus termed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The following epidemiological data conflict with this hypothesis. (i) Noncorrelations exist between HIV and AIDS; for example, the AIDS risks of infected subjects vary greater than 10-fold with their gender or country. Abnormal health risks that are never controlled as independent AIDS causes by AIDS statistics, such as drug addiction and hemophilia, correlate directly with an abnormal incidence of AIDS diseases. Above all, the AIDS diseases occur in all risk groups in the absence of HIV. (ii) American AIDS is incompatible with infectious disease, because it is almost exclusively restricted to males (91%), because if it occurs, then only on average 10 years after transfusion of HIV, because specific AIDS diseases are not transmissible among different risk groups, and because unlike a new infectious disease, AIDS has not spread exponentially since the AIDS test was established and AIDS received its current definition in 1987. (iii) Epidemiological evidence indicates that HIV is a long-established, perinatally transmitted retrovirus. HIV acts as a marker for American AIDS risks, because it is rare and not transmissible by horizontal contacts other than frequent transfusions, intravenous drugs, and repeated or promiscuous sex. It is concluded that American AIDS is not infectious, and suggested that unidentified, mostly noninfectious pathogens cause AIDS.
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PMID:AIDS epidemiology: inconsistencies with human immunodeficiency virus and with infectious disease. 199 59

We present 1 case of right sided endocarditis caused by Fusobacterium nucleatum in a patient with intravenous drug addiction and human immunodeficiency. The clinical features were fever, anemia, and pulmonary embolism. The echocardiogram showed a giant vegetation originated from the right atrial wall prolapsing in diastole into the right ventricle which disappeared after the patient presented pulmonary embolism. The clinical course was uncontrolled with empiric antimicrobial therapy but it was good with metronidazol. The cases previously described in the literature caused by gram-negative anaerobic bacteria are discussed and compared with the present case.
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PMID:[Right-sided endocarditis due to Fusobacterium nucleatum]. 204 51

Prevalence and risk factors for human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus infection were assessed in 581 heterosexual intravenous drug users (IVDUs), recruited from eight public drug assistance centres in the northeast of Italy, an area at low risk for AIDS. The overall seroprevalence for HIV antibody was rather high, 39% (95% confidence interval (CI): 35-43%). HIV prevalence had risen from 32% in 1984-1985 to 52% in 1987-1988. Thirty-three per cent of female and 41% of male IVDUs had antibodies to HIV (p = 0.07). Seropositivity rates showed a strong east-west geographical gradient (from 16% to 60%, p = 0.005): IVDUs living in the western part of the study area had a nearly sevenfold higher risk of infection (odds ratio (OR) = 6.9, 95% CI: 4.4-13.9) than those living in the eastern part. Sharing of drug injection equipment (OR = 3.6), duration of drug addiction (OR = 2.6), use of heroin in high-incidence cities (OR = 2.3), use of cocaine in addition to heroin (OR = 1.5) and history of prostitution (OR = 2.3) increased the risk of acquiring HIV infection. Over the study period, the ORs associated with area of residence decreased, whereas those associated with the use of heroin in high-incidence cities and with prostitution increased.
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PMID:Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus infection in 581 intravenous drug users, northeast Italy, 1984-1988. The AIDS and Related Syndromes Study Group. 206 33


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