Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A total of 1,066 serum samples from 911 individuals with repeatedly reactive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were enrolled for confirmatory HIV-1 infection diagnosis during the three years from 1990 to 1993. According to the interpretation criteria for the anti-HIV Western blot test recommended by the Centers for Disease Control, 38 (4.2%) were Western blot-positive, 110 (12.1%) were Western blot-negative, and 763 (83.7%) were Western blot-indeterminate. The most common band patterns of indeterminate Western blot results were antibodies to gag gene product only (667/763, 87.5%) which included p18 only (180, 23.6%), p18 plus others (521, 68.3%), p25 only (55, 7.2%), and p25 plus others (212, 27.8%). Eighty-three individuals with indeterminate Western blot results were followed-up and new serum samples were collected. None of the follow-up samples became positive. When band patterns changed, they usually did so within the specific category (either gag, pol, or env), such as a change from p18 to its precursor p55. All of the indeterminate specimens tested by particle agglutination assay showed negative reaction. In conclusion, an indeterminate result should not been seen as final; laboratory testing is required on the follow-up specimens.
 ...
PMID:Follow-up investigation of indeterminate western blot results for antibody to human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 791 68

Antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-I) have been identified in various population groups living in southern and central Africa. Sera from 291 !Kung Bushmen in Bushmanland, Namibia were examined for the presence of antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 and to HTLV-I. Initial screening for HIV-1/2 by two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) revealed evidence of past exposure in four individuals. However, no HIV-1/2 infection could be confirmed by a particle agglutination assay, a recombinant ELISA, or by Western blot for HIV-1 and HIV-2. Indeterminate Western blot profiles (with a p55 for each and either a p25 or p18 band) existed for all four HIV-1-reactive sera. Eight sera were reactive in the HTLV-I ELISA, although only five were positive on a second ELISA. Only three of the five HTLV-I-reactive sera could be confirmed by Western blot.
 ...
PMID:Low prevalence of human T lymphotropic virus type I in !Kung San in Bushmanland, Namibia. 794 73

Infections caused by lentiviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus, are characterized by slowly progressive disease in the presence of a virus-specific immune response. The earliest events in the virus-host interaction are likely to be important in determining disease establishment and progression, and the kinetics of these early events following lentiviral infection are described here. Lymphatic cannulation in the sheep has been used to monitor both the virus and the immune response in efferent lymph after infection of the node with maedi-visna virus (MVV). Viral replication and dissemination could be detected and consisted of a wave of MVV-infected cells leaving the node around 9 to 18 days postinfection. No cell-free virus was recovered despite the fact that soluble MVV p25 was detected in lymph plasma. The maximum frequency of MVV-infected cells was only 11 in 10(6) but over the first 20 days of infection amounted to greater than 10(4) virus-infected cells leaving the node. There was a profound increase in the output of activated lymphoblast from the lymph nodes of infected sheep, characterized by an increased percentage of CD8+ lymphoblasts. All of the CD8+ lymphoblasts at the peak of the response expressed both major histocompatibility complex class II DR and DQ molecules but not interleukin-2 receptor (CD25). The in vitro proliferative response of efferent lymph cells existing the node after challenge with MVV to both recombinant human interleukin-2 and the mitogen concanavalin A was decreased between days 8 and 16 postinfection, and a specific proliferative response to MVV was not detected until after day 15. Despite the high level of CD8+ lymphoblasts in efferent lymph, direct MVV-specific cytotoxic activity was demonstrated in only one of the five MVV-challenged sheep. MVV-specific antibody responses, including neutralization and MVV p25 immune complexes in efferent lymph, were detectable during the major period of virus dissemination. The relationship of these findings to the evasion of the host's acute immune response by MVV is discussed.
 ...
PMID:Early events in immune evasion by the lentivirus maedi-visna occurring within infected lymphoid tissue. 839 44

The loss of immune function following infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may result from altered production of immunoregulatory cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12. In this study, we analyzed IL-10 and IL-12 production by mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV+ individuals and correlated their levels with proliferative responses to the recall antigens HIV p25 and influenza virus. We report two distinct groups of HIV+ patients. One group produced small amounts of IL-10, had PBMC that proliferated in response to recall antigens, and demonstrated enhanced recall antigen-induced proliferation upon addition of anti-IL-10 antibodies and/or IL-12. Conversely, the second group produced high levels of IL-10, had PBMC that failed to proliferate to recall antigens, and did not demonstrate enhanced proliferation upon addition of anti-IL-10 antibodies and/or IL-12. Mitogen-stimulated PBMC from both groups produced significantly lower levels of IL-12 than did those from HIV- controls. Analysis of the source of the IL-10-producing cell subset in PBMC demonstrated that in HIV+ individuals, IL-10 is produced by monocytes, while in HIV- controls, it is produced by both T cells and monocytes. Taken together, our results suggest that monocytes from HIV+ individuals secrete decreased amounts of IL-12, a Th1-type cytokine, which may lead to the development of Th2-type responses characterized by high IL-10 secretion and immune dysfunction.
 ...
PMID:Dysregulated production of interleukin-10 (IL-10) and IL-12 by peripheral blood lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals is associated with altered proliferative responses to recall antigens. 857 36

The authors investigated whether the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has restrictive effects on the variable region of the beta chain (V beta) of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR), by in vitro cultivation of non-HIV-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes with one of six HIV antigens or heat-inactivated whole virus (HIV-HI). Resting and blastic CD4+ and CD8- cells were assessed with 3-colour cytofluorometry and monoclonal antibodies to various V beta families/subfamilies. The V beta families affected include V beta's 13.1/.3, 8, and 21 with gp 120; V beta 21 with gp 160 and RT; V beta 8 with p25; V beta's 8 and 21 with Rev; and V beta's 3 and 21 with HIV-2 Vpx. V beta family-specific effects with HIV-HI did not differ significantly from those found with IL-2 stimulation. Findings differed between CD4+ and CD8+ cells. For CD4+ lymphocytes, significant V beta-specific decreases were found, not the expansions found with superantigens or mitogens. CD8+ lymphocytes showed slight but significant expansions. The effects on V beta's 8, 13, and 21 are consistent with previous studies of HIV-infected persons. However, it is difficult to accept that antigens encoded by different HIV genetic regions cause proportionate diminutions of similar V beta families. The authors suggest that these effects may be secondary to changes in cytokine profiles rather than direct interactions with TCR V beta's.
 ...
PMID:HIV antigens and T-cell receptor variable beta chain families. 901 May 4

Ovine IFN-tau is a newly described protein related to IFN-alpha that is responsible for maternal recognition of pregnancy in sheep. It has been shown to exhibit potent antiviral and antiproliferative activity. To determine its antiviral activity against feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and HIV, the activity of the RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, reverse transcriptase, was assayed in FIV- and HIV-infected feline and human PBL treated with IFN-tau. Significant dose-dependent inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity by IFN-tau was detected by day 6 of culture and was maintained through the peak of virus replication. In addition, production of the FIV core protein, p25, was blocked by IFN-tau. Both the amino- and carboxyl-terminal regions of IFN-tau, as identified by synthetic peptides, appear to be involved in its antiretroviral activity. Comparison of the anti-HIV activities of IFN-tau and recombinant human IFN-alpha2 (rHuIFN-alpha2) indicated that while rHuIFN-alpha2 was toxic to cells at 10,000 U/ml, IFN-tau antiretroviral activity was not associated with a decrease in either cell viability or immunologic reactivity. Thus, IFN-tau displayed potent anti-FIV and anti-HIV activity without the cytotoxicity associated with high concentrations of rHuIFN-alpha2.
 ...
PMID:Potent anti-feline immunodeficiency virus and anti-human immunodeficiency virus effect of IFN-tau. 912 98

The genetic diversity of 32 Italian isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) was studied. Isolates were obtained from domestic cats living in different areas. Sequence data were obtained from a 308 bp fragment of the p25 region of the gag gene. Phylogenetic relationships among these sequences and previously published sequences were determined. All the Italian isolates could be assigned to subtype B; however, four isolates formed two separate clusters and may represent genetic outliers. The reliability of classification results was confirmed by repeating the phylogenetic analysis with DNA sequences from the entire gag genes of two isolates and from the surface glycoprotein domain of the env gene of four isolates. It is concluded that the short segment of gag used permits reliable genotyping of FIV isolates. The study also shows that subtype B is largely prevalent in Italy.
 ...
PMID:Analysis of the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship of Italian isolates of feline immunodeficiency virus indicates a high prevalence and heterogeneity of subtype B. 929 12

RAK antigens p120, p42, and p25 exhibit molecular and immunological similarity to the proteins encoded by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and are expressed by 95% of breast and gynecological cancer cases in women and prostate cancer cases in men. The binding of an epitope-specific anti-HIV-1 gp120 monoclonal antibody (MAb) (amino acids 308 to 322) to cancer RAK antigens has been found to be inhibited by a peptide derived from variable loop V3 of HIV-1. Breast cancer DNAs of 40 patients were PCR amplified with HIV-1 gp41-derived primers, and all of the samples were found to be positive. The DNA fragments amplified in seven blindly selected breast cancer samples were sequenced. The breast cancer DNA sequences showed at least 90% homology to the HIV-1 gene for gp41. Antisense oligonucleotides complementary to the HIV-1-like sequences inhibited reverse transcriptase activity and inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro. Viral particles detected in breast cancer cell lines were strongly immunogold labeled with the anti-HIV-1 gp120 MAb. The results obtained strongly suggest that the long-postulated breast cancer virus may, in fact, be related to HIV-1.
 ...
PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus type 1-like DNA sequences and immunoreactive viral particles with unique association with breast cancer. 972 31

Ovarian cancer cells were isolated from ascites fluid of 30 different patients diagnosed with cystadenocarcinoma of ovaries. Large colonies of malignant ASC cells were observed during the first week of cell growth in vitro. Colony formation was followed by fusion of cells and formation of large multinucleated and highly vacuolated syncytia. In contrast, cells isolated from the ascites fluid produced by patients with benign mucinous cystadenoma of ovaries did not form syncytia. Nonmalignant Brenner tumor cells, isolated from the ascites fluid, also did not form syncytia. Syncytia, but not the nonmalignant tumor cells, were immunofluorescence stained with an anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) gp120 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and MAb RAK-BrI. Both MAbs recognized cancer-associated antigens RAK (for Rakowicz markers) p120, p42, and p25. Exposure of ASC cells to either the anti-HIV-1 gp120 MAb or MAb RAK-BrI inhibited syncytium formation. PCR with HIV-1 Env-derived primers revealed DNA sequences with over 90% homology to HIV-1 gp41 in syncytia and in ovarian cancer cells but not in normal ovary cells. Electron microscopic analysis revealed viral particles, hexagonal in shape (90 nm in diameter), with a dense central core surrounded by an inner translucent capsid and dense outer shell with projections. Negative staining detected membrane-covered particles (100 to 110 nm in diameter) in the cell culture medium. Incubation of normal breast cells with viral particles resulted in drastic morphological changes and syncytium formation by the transformed breast cells. The cytopathic effects of the identified virus resembled those of spumaviruses, which, in addition to their epitopic and genetic homology to HIV-1, might suggest a common phylogeny.
 ...
PMID:Giant syncytia and virus-like particles in ovarian carcinoma cells isolated from ascites fluid. 987 74

The pattern of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 antigen-activated production of interferon (IFN)-gamma by immunocompetent cells of HIV-1 infected patients has been studied using a simplified assay combining a small volume (25 microliter) of whole blood stimulation with various HIV-1 antigens, and cytokine measurement in the same wells of microtitre plates (enzyme-linked immunotrapping assay, ELITA). The levels of IFN-gamma were higher using this assay than in the supernatant from stimulated whole blood cultures, therefore ELITA was used in the rest of the study. Specific immune responses to HIV-1 proteins (gp120, p24) and synthetic peptides derived from these proteins and from gp41 were detected in patients, but not in healthy controls. Decreased levels of IFN-gamma were observed in CDC class B (n = 5) and C (n = 4), compared with CDC class A (n = 5), following HIV-1 antigen-specific challenge. The positive response of cells from different patients to overlapping peptides of p25 (amino acids 329-344 and 335-351) was suggestive of a new epitope of HIV-1 gag recognized by T cells in the overlap region. In conclusion, the difference in in vitro antigen-specific T-cell responses of HIV-1-infected patients was shown using the ELITA method. Our results raise the possibility of using this method in screening specific antigens in HIV-1 infection.
 ...
PMID:Ex vivo interferon-gamma response to human immunodefiency virus-1 derived peptides in human immunodeficiency virus-1 infected patients. 1073 17


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 Next >>