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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recommended that all donated blood be screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) beginning no later than June 1, 1992. This article provides CDC recommendations for the diagnosis of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections in persons being tested in settings other than blood centers and CDC/FDA guidelines for serologic testing with combination HIV-1/HIV-2 screening enzyme immunoassays (EIAs). Epidemiologic data indicate that the prevalence of HIV-2 infections in persons in the United States is extremely low. Therefore, CDC does not recommend routine testing for HIV-2 in settings other than blood centers. However, when HIV testing is indicated, tests for antibodies to both HIV-1 and HIV-2 should be obtained if epidemiologic risk factors for HIV-2 infection are present, if clinical evidence exists for HIV disease in the absence of a positive test for antibodies to HIV-1, or if HIV-1 Western blot results exhibit the unusual indeterminate pattern of gag plus pol bands in the absence of env bands. The following procedures are recommended if testing for both HIV-1 and HIV-2 is performed by means of a combination HIV-1/HIV-2 EIA. A repeatedly reactive specimen by HIV-1/HIV-2 EIA should be tested by HIV-1 Western blot (or another licensed HIV-1 supplemental test). A positive result by HIV-1 Western blot confirms the presence of antibodies to HIV, and testing for HIV-2 is recommended only if HIV-2 risk factors are present. If the HIV-1 Western blot result is negative or indeterminate, an HIV-2 EIA should be performed. If the HIV-2 EIA is positive, an HIV-2 supplemental test should be performed.
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PMID:Testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in the United States. 132 95

The aim of this study was to determine the usefulness of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) for in vivo evaluation of antiviral drugs in monkeys and to study if prophylactic treatment with 3'-fluorothymidine (FLT) could prevent infection against a low challenge dose of HIV-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Protection against infection was assessed by virus isolation and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on monkey peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as well as by antibody and viral antigen assays. Prophylactic treatment with FLT 3 x 5 mg/kg/day, starting 8 h prior to virus inoculation, prevented HIV-2 infection in 3 of 8 monkeys. In another experiment 2 of 4 monkeys resisted 2-10 monkey infectious doses (MID50) of SIV with the same prophylactic treatment. All control animals (HIV-2 n = 8, SIV n = 4) became infected. Thus, FLT treatment prevented HIV-2 and SIV infection in 5 of 12 animals.
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PMID:Prevention of HIV-2 and SIV infections in cynomolgus macaques by prophylactic treatment with 3'-fluorothymidine. 135 58

Impaired hematopoiesis is commonly associated with human immunodeficiency virus HIV-1 and HIV-2-related AIDS. HIV-1 infection of hematopoietic progenitors has been studied, whereas HIV-2 infection of these cells is less well documented. In this work, we studied myeloid and erythroid progenitor production and differentiation in long-term bone marrow (LTBM) cultures after HIV-2 infection. A nonadherent fraction from these cultures containing the hematopoietic progenitors is nonproductively infected with HIV-2, whereas stroma cells replicate the virus only weakly. HIV-2 can be rescued from nonadherent T-depleted bone marrow cells, and its replication in stroma cells is amplified by cocultivation with HIV permissive cells. Colony assays performed weekly during the 6 weeks of LTBM cultures revealed a 100% inhibition of erythroid colony-forming unit (CFU)-E and erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU)-E production after 12 days of culture, whereas granulomonocytic colony forming units (CFU-GM) production was stimulated until day 20 and then disappeared on day 30. Stimulatory and inhibitory activities were recovered from supernatants of infected LTBM cultures and an infected lymphoid CEM cell line, suggesting that release of viral factor(s) may be responsible for HIV-2-induced impairment of hematopoietic progenitor production in vitro. Based on these results, an indirect effect of HIV-2 infection on the commitment of myeloid and erythroid progenitors, resulting in a dysregulated hematopoiesis, is postulated.
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PMID:Transient stimulation of granulopoiesis and drastic inhibition of erythropoiesis in HIV-2-infected long-term liquid bone marrow cultures. 138 91

A class of synthetic lignins (dehydrogenation polymers of p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid) inhibited cytopathogenicity of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. The ratio of cytotoxic to anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) doses depended strongly on conditions during polymer preparation. The activity increased when polymers were treated with reducing agent NaBH4, whereas it decreased when treated with oxidizing agent ceric ammonium nitrate. The polymers inhibited expression of HIV-specific antigen in the infected cells and also inhibited HIV-binding to the cells, but not completely, even at doses that almost completely inhibited the HIV-induced cytopathogenic effect. These results suggest that lignin structure, regardless of whether synthetic or natural, may inhibit HIV replication by an unidentified process, and thus prove to be a new class of anti-HIV agents possibly effective in the treatment of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome).
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PMID:Lignified materials as medicinal resources. V. Anti-HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) activity of some synthetic lignins. 142 63

The authors studied the prevalence and risk determinants for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and type 2 (HIV-2) in female prostitutes from Dakar (1985-1990), Ziguinchor (1987-1990), and Kaolack (1987-1990), Senegal, West Africa. Each cohort showed a distinct distribution of HIVs: 10.0% HIV-2 and 4.1% HIV-1 in Dakar, 38.1% HIV-2 and 0.4% HIV-1 in Ziguinchor, and 27.4% HIV-2 and 1.3% HIV-1 in Kaolack. In 1,275 female prostitutes from Dakar, increase years of sexual activity and a history of scarification were associated with HIV-2 seropositivity. In contrast, HIV-1 seroprevalence was associated with a shorter duration of prostitution and a history of hospitalization. In 278 female prostitutes from Ziguinchor, HIV-2 seroprevalence was associated with women of Guinea-Bissau nationality and increased years of sexual activity. In 157 female prostitutes from Kaolack, HIV-2 seroprevalence was associated with increased years of sexual activity and a history of never using condoms. The authors also studied the risk determinants for HIV-2 in the 1,280 Senegalese prostitutes pooled from all three sites. Controlling for ethnic group, women from Ziguinchor and Kaolack were more likely to be HIV-2 seropositive as compared with women from the Dakar site. Increased years of sexual activity were associated with HIV-2 seropositivity, while a history of excision and BCG vaccinations decreased the risk of HIV-2 infection.
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PMID:Prevalence and risk determinants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in west African female prostitutes. 144 55

HIV-1 and HIV-2 both cause AIDS in humans. Simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) are non-human primate lentiviruses and the closest known relatives of the HIVs. They closely parallel HIVs in genomic organization and biologic properties. The authors discuss the known HIVs and SIVs of African origin and describe the variability which exists in the different groups. HIV-1 and HIV-2 share approximately 55-60% amino-acid homology in gag and pol, the genes most highly conserved among related retroviruses. HIV-1 is spread widely throughout the world, while HIV-2 infection appears to be concentrated in West Africa. Rare cases of HIV-2 infection have, however, been identified in Europe and America, usually in individuals connected with West Africa. The authors discuss viral genetic variation and variation of biological phenotype, and findings on HIV-1 and HIV-2 from Zaire, Uganda, Cameroon, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Congo, Ghana, the Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, and Cote d'Ivoire.
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PMID:Variability among HIV and SIV strains of African origin. 166 22

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from four different primate species were tested for their respective ability to support the "in vitro" replication of the human immunodeficiency viruses, HIV-1, and HIV-2. PBMC of Cebus apella, patas (Erythrocebus patas), green (cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were infected "in vitro" with either HIV-1 or HIV-2. Cultures were assayed weekly for particle-associated reverse transcriptase activity. Both viruses were found to be cytolytic for all these monkey's PBMC. Low levels of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection were observed in Cebus cells. However, productive infection was only detected in HIV-2 infected rhesus PBMC. The capacity of HIV-2 to replicate in rhesus cells may provide a useful model for evaluating antiviral drugs and vaccines.
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PMID:In vitro HIV infection of primate lymphocytes. 170 29

The occurrence of dominant linear antigenic sites in the envelope glycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) was evaluated. Twenty-five peptides representing different regions of HIV-2, strain SBL-6669, were synthesized. For comparison the corresponding peptides of HIV-1, strain BRU, were also prepared. The peptides were tested in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with human sera from individuals with proven HIV-1 or HIV-2 infection and simian sera from animals infected with HIV-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus of sooty mangabay monkey origin (SIVsm). Four major antigenic regions were identified. Peptides representing parts or the whole V3 (neutralizing loop) region and an additional stretch of amino acids located at the carboxy terminal of this region showed considerable reactivity. This reaction was predominantly type specific, but some heterotypic reactivity was also seen. Peptides representing the carboxy terminal 21 amino acids of the V3 region of the type-related viruses HIV-2 and SIVsm allowed selective identification of strain-specific antibodies. A second major antigenic region was found close to the carboxy terminal end of the large glycoproteins. This region was cross-reactive between the two types. The two additional dominating antigenic regions were located in the amino terminal region of the transmembrane glycoprotein. One region has previously been shown to be a uniquely antigenic type-specific site. The other region was also type-specific, but was identified only in HIV-2, amino acids Glu634-Lys649. Excellent facilities are available for the design of not only type-unique site-specific serological tests but potentially also type-cross-reactive and strain-specific assays.
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PMID:Comparison of linear antigenic sites in the envelope proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 2 and type 1. 171 15

The epidemiology of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in 1989/90 shows a further spread of both viruses, especially in southern Europe, eastern Asia and central Africa. The sequence analysis of an immunodeficiency virus of a chimpanzee indicates the presence of SIV-1, in contrast to all other monkey isolates analyzed hitherto as members of SIV-2. The occurrence of eight newly HIV-infected hemophiliacs by one factor IX product gives rise to the question whether a 100% safety of blood products can be achieved. Analysis of HIV nucleic acids by PCR leads not to an improvement compared to the serological tests for the screening of blood donors. Despite all the efforts in the recent years, a safe and effective HIV vaccine will not be available in the near future.
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PMID:[Current aspects of HIV infection]. 172 6

In order to know the frequency and distribution of the human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1, HIV-2) in Estremadura, a seroepidemiological study is carried out during 1989 in a population sample of 756 persons at risk. In the global sample, no case of HIV-2 infection is detected, with the frequency of HIV-1 infection being 47.49%. The sample includes 633 persons addicted to parenteral drugs with a HIV-1 frequency of 43.28% and 123 people exposed to the remaining forms of HIV infection, sexual contact with patients or carriers, those receiving blood derivatives, those with multiple transfusions and the offspring of parents at risk with seropositivity of 69.10%. The greatest frequency of HIV-1 infection in the drug-addict population is found in the age group of 20-29 years, with multiple addictions, male. It is associated with different forms of infection by Hepatitis B virus in 78.08% of the global sample, in 77.52% of the addicts and in 80% of the non-addict population. Due to the sample's characteristic of a high prevalence of HIV-1; the significance of the absence of HIV-2 is increased. These results also suggest that the AIDS syndromes and the AIDS Related Complex (A.R.C.) will be found in Estremadura in the coming years associated with HIV-1 infections, while in our opinion the epidemiological vigilance of HIV-2 infection should be maintained in spite of the results obtained, with combined HIV-1/HIV-2 immuno-enzymatic techniques being introduced into the screening tests.
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PMID:[Retrovirus HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in populations at risk. Estremadura]. 180 Nov 84


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