Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) do not frequently have pleural complications. However, pneumothorax is a troublesome complication of patients with AIDS. At some medical centres, more than 50% of patients with spontaneous pneumothorax have AIDS. Most patients with spontaneous pneumothorax and AIDS have Pneumocystis carinii infection and necrotic subpleural blebs. The pneumothoraces in these patients usually cannot be managed with tube thoracostomy alone. Patients who do not respond to tube thoracostomy are best managed with a Heimlich valve or with thoracostomy with stapling of blebs and pleural abrasion. Approximately 2% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive individuals will have a pleural effusion. Parapneumonic effusions or empyema, tuberculosis and Kaposi's sarcoma are the three leading causes. P. carinii infection is frequently responsible for pulmonary infections, but is only occasionally responsible for a pleural effusion. Pleural effusions may also develop from non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). There is one relatively rare NHL that is associated with the Kaposi's sarcoma associated virus that produces a lymphoma confined to the body cavity.
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PMID:Pleural disease and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 942 7

Specific features of the course of Leishmania and Pneumocystis infections were studied on experimental models. Laboratory animals were subjected to medicinal suppression with Tricort-40. Leishmania infection in naturally susceptible animals was considerably aggravated (in comparison with the controls) in the presence of even short-term immunosuppression. Pneumocystis infection developed in experimental animals under the effect of double suppression. The process of the reactivation of Pneumocystis infection was influenced by Leishmania infection, rapidly developing in the presence of prolonged immunodeficiency. The results thus obtained make it possible to regard Leishmania infection in animals with reactivated Pneumocystis infection as co-infection having the properties of a biological, immunosuppressant. Such situation may be extrapolated on HIV/visceral leishmaniasis co-infection.
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PMID:[The characteristics of the course of Leishmania and Pneumocystis opportunistic infections in immunosuppressed laboratory animals]. 1009 11

Sulfonamides have a glorious history. In 1935, they were the first class of true antimicrobial agents with life-saving potency. Today, 66 years later, increased bacterial resistance to sulfonamides and to trimethoprim (TMP), a synthetic antimicrobial agent that is 30 years younger than sulfonamides, has limited their use to only a few indications. In the treatment and prophylaxis of patients with urinary tract infections, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) or TMP alone is still considered the first-line drug of choice, although increased bacterial resistance to these agents has been linked with treatment failure. TMP-SMZ has a possible role as a second- or third-line treatment for patients who have respiratory tract infections. In the developing world, where this inexpensive drug is widely used as first-line treatment, bacterial resistance has caused problems, especially with regard to the treatment of patients with severe respiratory tract infections. Use of TMP-SMZ as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii infection has rapidly increased the multidrug resistance of bacterial pathogens found in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Today, detailed and reliable knowledge on the resistance of bacterial pathogens to both TMP-SMZ and TMP is an essential requirement for the safe and effective use of these drugs in all clinical settings.
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PMID:Resistance to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. 1134 May 33

A 21-year-old hemophiliac with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection was admitted to our hospital because of bilateral pneumothoraces associated with Pneumocysis carinii pneumonia (PCP). He underwent chest tube drainages and intravenous pentamidine therapy, resulting in clinical improvement. Two months after treatment for PCP, cystic lesions that had existed before treatment disappeared on chest computed tomography. We concluded that Pneumocystis carinii infection might be associated with lung destruction and cyst formation, and that inflammatory exudates in the small bronchioles might act as a ball-valve with subsequent spontaneous pneumothoraces.
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PMID:AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with disappearance of cystic lesions after treatment. 1241 19

It has been proposed that HIV-1, in addition to directly infecting and killing CD4+ T cells, causes T cell dysfunction and T cell loss by chronic immune activation. We analyzed the effects of chronic immune activation in mice that constitutively expressed CD70, the ligand for the tumor necrosis factor receptor family member CD27, on B cells. CD70 transgenic (CD70 Tg) mice showed a progressive conversion of naive T cells into effector-memory cells, which culminated in the depletion of naive T cells from lymph nodes and spleen. T cell changes depended on continuous CD27-CD70 interactions and T cell antigen receptor stimulation. Despite this hyperactive immune system, CD70 Tg mice died aged 6-8 months from Pneumocystis carinii infection, a hallmark of T cell immunodeficiency. Thus, persistent delivery of costimulatory signals via CD27-CD70 interactions, as may occur during chronic active viral infections, can exhaust the T cell pool and is sufficient to induce lethal immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Lethal T cell immunodeficiency induced by chronic costimulation via CD27-CD70 interactions. 1246 17

To establish experimental Pneumocystis carinii infection in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected macaques as a model of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated P. carinii pneumonia (PCP), SIV-infected macaques were inoculated intrabronchially with macaque-derived P. carinii, and P. carinii-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometric analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were done biweekly for up to 44 weeks after inoculation. All inoculated animals had a P. carinii-specific PCR product after infection. CD8(+) T cells in lung lavage samples from SIV- and P. carinii-coinfected animals increased to >90% of total CD3(+) cells, a pattern associated with naturally acquired P. carinii infection. Progression of disease also was correlated with increased neutrophil infiltration to the lungs. The animals had a protracted period of asymptomatic colonization with P. carinii before progression to PCP. The development of a model of PCP in SIV-infected rhesus macaques provides the means to study AIDS-associated PCP.
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PMID:Experimental Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus macaques. 1259 74

Over the last 20 years, the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) has grown from a small case series of Pneumocystis carinii infection in four homosexual men to one of the major health problems facing the world today. In the next 5 years, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is expected to kill more than 2.2 million people. In the United States, women of childbearing age constitute a large percentage of new cases of AIDS. Because of the increased prevalence of HIV in pregnant women, many anesthesiologists encounter these patients in their practice. The safety of regional neuraxial spread has been a concern in the past, nevertheless, recent analysis of the problem has shown that HIV infection in pregnancy does not contraindicate administration of regional anesthesia.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus in the parturient. 1277 Jun 62

Pneumocystis carinii infection is rare in infants, and raises strong concerns of immune deficiency. This report describes the unusual case of a male infant with concurrent chest infections caused by P carinii and cytomegalovirus. Investigation was complicated by the strong suspicion of non-accidental injury, including subdural haematomas. The case illustrates how to investigate for possible immunodeficiency. Low immune function tests at presentation slowly improved and have remained normal on longterm follow up. Possible explanations for the transient severe clinical immunodeficiency in this case are discussed.
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PMID:Pneumocystis carinii, cytomegalovirus, and severe transient immunodeficiency. 1294 62

Aim-To compare the techniques and results of a nested PCR and an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for the detection of Pneumocystis carinii infection; to consider the role of the nested PCR in the diagnosis of P carinii pneumonia (PCP).Methods-Serial dilutions of two known P carinii positive samples were tested by IFA and PCR to determine their relative sensitivities. Seventy eight respiratory samples (15 from 11 patients with HIV infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and 63 from 42 patients with other forms of immunodeficiency) were tested using both assays, and the costs and technical requirements of each assay were assessed.Results-The PCR had a greater relative sensitivity over the IFA of 2 x 10(1) to 2 x 10(3) fold in a postmortem lung sample and 2 x 10(5) to 2 x 10(6) fold in a bronchoalveolar lavage sample from a patient with PCP. P carinii was detected in all 15 samples from the patients with HIV/AIDS by both IFA and PCR. Of the 63 samples from the patients with immunodeficiencies other than HIV/AIDS, the PCR was more sensitive than IFA.Conclusions-The nested PCR is a more sensitive assay than the IFA. It may be useful in the diagnosis of PCP in patients with immunodeficiencies other than HIV/AIDS. Similarly, PCR may be of benefit for this patient group as less invasive specimens are needed. PCR has an increasing role to play in the diagnosis of PCP in the routine laboratory.
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PMID:The role of a nested polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 1669 36


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