Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are being seen with greater regularity by the obstetrician-gynecologist. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the extreme of the spectrum of HIV infections, is associated with Pneumocystis carinii infection in more than half of newly diagnosed cases. Four cases of AIDS and P carinii pneumonia complicating pregnancy have been reported in the literature, and all have caused maternal death. We report a case in which the mother survived. Treatment was similar to that used in the other reported cases except that steroids were added. A limited number of patients with AIDS and P carinii infection have been treated with trimethopterim-sulfamethoxazole and steroids, with good results. Steroids should be considered for cases in which other efforts are failing.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Pneumocystis carinii infection in a pregnant woman. 238 30

No evidence of Pneumocystis carinii infection was found in eight symptom free patients who were positive for the human immunodeficiency virus and who underwent bronchoscopy, bronchoalveolar lavage, and brush biopsy. This suggests that the presence of Pneumocystis carinii in bronchoscopy material is likely to indicate pneumocystis infection.
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PMID:Bronchoscopy of symptom free patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus for detection of pneumocystosis. 278 96

A fourteen-week-old boy is described who was admitted with failure to thrive and an interstitial pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis carinii infection. A late onset congenital rubella infection was diagnosed in combination with an immunodeficiency. The congenital rubella infection induced a chronic meningoencephalitis. Further investigations revealed intracerebral calcifications on computerized tomography of the skull. The clinical symptoms of early and late onset congenital rubella syndrome are described. The differential diagnosis of intracerebral calcifications are shortly reviewed.
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PMID:[Intracerebral calcification in a patient with late-onset congenital rubella]. 349 69

The Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is a new disease which first appeared in human populations about 1979. The disease is defined by the development of unusual types of cancer (e.g. Kaposi's sarcoma), or severe cellular immunodeficiency manifested by opportunistic infections (e.g. Pneumocystis carinii infection), or both. Although the etiology of AIDS is unknown, the epidemiologic evidence is consistent with an infectious agent transmitted by blood (e.g. transfusion, needle sharing) or sexual intercourse. Over three-quarters of the cases have been in homosexual or bisexual males and in intravenous drug abusers; about 5% of cases do not have recognized risk factors. A small number of cases have resulted from transfusion of blood or blood products. The early clinical manifestations are non-specific, and may include asymptomatic skin lesions, dyspnea and dry cough, weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and focal and non-focal central nervous system findings. Treatment for the associated cancers and opportunistic infections may be successful in individual instances, but the underlying immunosuppression of AIDS appears to progress inexorably and the fatality rate approaches 100% within a few years from diagnosis. Although nosocomial transmission has not been documented, infection control guidelines have been developed by analogy with hepatitis B infection.
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PMID:The acquired immune deficiency syndrome: an international health problem of increasing importance. 633 36

Of 67 infants enrolled in a prospective study of infant pneumonia ten (14%) had evidence of Pneumocystis carinii infection. Diagnosis was achieved by demonstrating circulating P carinii antigens by counterimmunoelectrophoresis in all ten cases and by histopathology in the only infant who underwent an open lung biopsy. Antigenemia did not occur in 64 control infants (P = .003), nor in 57 patients of similar age who were hospitalized with pneumonitis due to Chlamydia trachomatis, respiratory syncytial virus, cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, and influenza A and influenza B viruses. None of the ten infants with P carinii pneumonitis had evidence of a primary immunodeficiency nor had any received immunosuppressive medication. These patients were hospitalized at a mean age of 6 weeks (range 2 to 12) and their illness was characterized by its afebrile course, presentation in crisis with severe respiratory distress, apnea, tachypnea, cough, increased IgM, and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with hyperaeration. The clinical features of P carinii pneumonitis were indistinguishable from those of C trachomatis and cytomegalovirus pneumonia. Treatment with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was associated wtih rapid disappearance of circulating antigens; however, the small number of patients studied did not permit an analysis of its clinical efficacy. These results indicate that P carinii singly or in combination with other infectious agents may be an important cause of pneumonitis in young, immunocompetent infants with no underlying illnesses.
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PMID:Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis in young immunocompetent infants. 696 88

We present a case of an extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient undergoing prophylactic treatment with pentamidine. The diagnosis was established in pleural and ascitic fluid, and the patient died before starting specific systemic treatment. We discuss the cytologic differences between pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections and the importance of careful screening for this pathogen in immunosuppressed patients.
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PMID:Cytologic diagnosis of extrapulmonary Pneumocystis carinii infection in pleural and ascitic fluid. Report of a case in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 804 33

Pneumocystis carinii infection remains extremely common in the immunocompromised patient population, particularly in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, despite the availability of effective prophylaxis. Although most commonly presenting as an acute pneumonia, the organism can infect a multitude of different organs, and thus may pose difficulty in diagnosis. Because effective treatment regimens such as trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) and parenteral pentamidine are hindered by a high rate of adverse reactions, alternative regimens are continuing to be evaluated. Of greatest promise to date for patients with mild-to-moderate disease are the alternative oral regimens of atovaquone, dapsone with trimethoprim, and clindamycin with primaquine. The addition of corticosteroids to anti-Pneumocystis therapy in patients with severe disease has been shown to improve both the short-term and long-term success of treatment. TMP-SMX and aerosolized pentamidine have been shown to be effective in the primary and secondary prevention of pneumocystosis; prophylactic regimens currently under study include dapsone, dapsone with pyrimethamine, and once-monthly parenteral pentamidine.
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PMID:Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 827 84

A 12-year-old girl from Zaire with AIDS (CDC: P2 D1) presented with a generalized molluscum contagiosum infection. She had suffered from systemic cryptococcosis and from cryptosporidiosis several months before admission. While molluscum contagiousum infection is usually a self-limiting disease in immunocompetent persons, a fulminant appearance and persistence of giant mollusca occurs with advanced immunodeficiency. Histological and immunohistological examinations showed a severe diminution of Langerhans and T cell populations that might enhance the dissemination of the infection. Molluscum-like lesions of cryptococci have been described, and cutaneous cryptococcosis is the main condition to be considered in the differential diagnosis. Further differential diagnoses should include American and African histoplasmosis, and the cutaneous manifestations of mycobacterial infections, of toxoplasmosis and of Pneumocystis carinii infection.
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PMID:[Generalized molluscum contagiosum in an African child with AIDS]. 864 88

The autopsy findings of 80 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected adults, who died between 1982-1995, are presented with special emphasis on the risk factor of hemophilia. The study included 23 blood product recipients (hemophiliacs n = 21; non-hemophiliacs n = 2), 34 homosexuals, four intravenous drug abusers, and 19 patients with no known risk factor. Nearly all individuals (93%) showed the late stage of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Blood product recipients had a significantly lower overall frequency of opportunistic infections (p < 0.05). Homosexuality was associated with the highest overall frequency of opportunistic infections and HIV-associated malignancies, such as Kaposi's sarcoma and malignant non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Exclusive visceral involvement of Kaposi's sarcoma was frequent, and no decrease of Kaposi's sarcoma was observed during the study period. Pneumocystis infections, atypical mycobacteriosis, and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma showed a significant increase during the last five years (1991-1995) of the observation interval. Opportunistic infections and malignancies were the cause of death in approximately one-half of the patients. In blood product recipients, hepatic failure due to posthepatitic cirrhosis and hemorrhage due to hepatic failure with subsequent coagulopathy and in non-blood product recipients, bacterial bronchopneumonia, and diffuse alveolar damage were additional major causes of death. The data suggest a lower risk for HIV-infected blood product recipients, particularly hemophiliacs, to acquire opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms.
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PMID:Autopsy findings in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection with emphasis on the risk factor of hemophilia. 878 Sep 28

Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis (PAP) is a rare and diffuse lung disease characterized by the abnormal deposition of PAS positive, lipoproteinaceous material in the alveolar spaces. It has been related, mainly, to alterations in the immune state and to secondary infections. We studied four cases of PAP diagnosed by light microscopy. In two cases we were able to demonstrate disseminated Histoplasmosis related to immunodeficiency states (AIDS and malnutrition), one case with Pneumocystis carinii infection and AIDS, and one case with no related pathology. Granular and electron dense material, concentric myelin figures, and variable-sized osmiophilic bodies were observed by electron microscopy. We found yeast-like structures, trophozoites and cysts in the alveolar spaces, in the Histoplasmosis and Pneumocystic carinii infection cases, respectively. In one of our cases, the circulating neutrophils showed crystalloid inclusions in the nucleus. PAP should be considered in the differential diagnoses of patients with pulmonary infiltrates.
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PMID:[Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis: ultrastructural study of 4 cases]. 923 71


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