Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infections of children with malignant disease, especially of the lympho-reticular system, are characterized by their severity, with a high mortality, as a consequence of defective immunocompetence. According to the immunosurveillance theory, temporary immune defects could have even facilitated the malignant growth. The neoplastic disease itself contributes to the immunodeficiency by multiple mechanisms. The powerful cytostatic-cytocidal drugs reduce the immune response also, especially in the phases of bone marrow depression. Granulocytopenia shows the most significant correlation with the incidence of serious infections. The different forms of hospital infections have been reviewed and classified as 1. bacterial, fungal and, rarely, (but most dangerous) protozoal infections, 2. endogenous infections with the patient's own anaerobic intestinal flora and 3. viral infections. The perspectives of up-to-date chemotherapy and management of the immunodeficiency e.g. with leucocyte transfusions, and attempts to prevent infection are discussed.
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PMID:[Infections in children with malignant disease (author's transl)]. 51 38

Seventy-five patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were treated for complement components C3, after factor B, C4, and tested for HLA-A and B-determinants. Levels of IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE and titres of measles antibodies were also determined. Correlations between these immunological values and HLA determinants could be obtained in siblings, parents and/or children of the patients in 13 families. B18 frequency is strongly associated with the hypocomplementaemic group (x2 = 8.9). An association of B18 with the population of cases with low B levels is also found (x2 = 8.02). Familial data showed that low C3 and/or low B levels are associated with the HLA haplotyes, especially with those containing B18. A "complement abnormality susceptibility gene", linked to the HLA genes, is postulated. Infections are significantly more frequent in families of hypocomplementaemic MS, the existence of a genetic immunodeficiency affecting the synthesis of the complement components, linked to the HLA determinants. In 1 case studied in this article, a heterozygous C2 deficiency linked to HLA-A10, B18 was found and might confirm this hypothesis.
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PMID:Hypocomplementaemic and normocomplementaemic multiple sclerosis. Genetic determinism and association with specific HLA determinants (B18 and B7). 88 65

Prevention and treatment of oral disease is required to maintain quality of life and to improve prognosis of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Management requires a team approach, and close collaboration with the appropriate responsible physicians and other health care workers is necessary. Oral infection is frequent and usually opportunistic, and management is based on certain principles. Infections may disseminate and can be persistent and severe; multiple concurrent or consecutive infections with different microorganisms are frequent; fungal, viral, and parasitic infections are rarely curable; and long-term antimicrobial therapy may be required. This article reviews the management of oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and infections with herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. The management of Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphomas, aphthous ulceration, gangrenous stomatitis, bleeding, xerostomia, and adverse drug reactions is also described. Treatment should avoid further immunosuppression and inducement of xerostomia or caries, and should be designed to avoid adverse drug reactions and possible drug interactions.
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PMID:Management of oral health in persons with HIV infection. 131 92

Infections with Geotrichum species, although rare, are sometimes seen in immunocompromised hosts. We report a case of oral geotrichosis in a patient seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus who had erythematous mandibular and maxillary gingiva but was otherwise free of any active systemic disease. Geotrichum candidum was shown by both culture and histopathology to be present in the lesion and was deduced to be the causative organism. The patient responded well to several weeks of treatment involving oral topical administration of nystatin vaginal tablets.
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PMID:Oral Geotrichum candidum infection associated with HIV infection. A case report. 143 44

Disorders of immunoglobulin synthesis are of great interest to rheumatologists. At the diagnostic level, such disorders not uncommonly mimic commoner rheumatic diseases, so it is important that the diagnostic possibility of immunodeficiency be kept in mind. Infections often complicate immunodeficiency and may present in an atypical manner. From the theoretical standpoint, the interactions between infectious agents and patients with impaired immunity suggest ways in which the same or similar agents could be responsible for arthritis of unknown etiology. Furthermore, many immunodeficiency disorders predispose to autoimmunity; establishing the mechanism of this association may offer good insights into the factors that trigger autoimmune disorders in patients with seemingly normal immune competence.
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PMID:Infectious arthritis in primary disorders of immunoglobulin synthesis. 191 Oct 59

Fungal infections have gained importance recently. The major reason for this is the increasing number of patients with immunodeficiency. Systemic treatment of invasive fungal infections up to now has been based on relatively few antimycotic agents (amphotericin B, flucytosine, as well as the azole derivatives fluconazole and itraconazole). Only a few number of fungi cause the majority of opportunistic fungal infections. Candida albicans leads to severe mucosal infections in cases of immunodeficiency. Systemic mycoses usually present as endogenous infections or are caused by an infected central venous catheter with dissemination into multiple organs. Less severe candida infections should be treated with fluconazole. A more severe candida infection still requires treatment with amphotericin B plus flucytosine. Aspergillus fumigatus, a ubiquitous mold, is the most frequent pathogen in patients with granulocytopenia. First choice treatment also is amphotericin B and flucytosine; treatment should be started despite lacking proof of pathogen in patients with immunodeficiency and typical clinical signs. Itraconazole, the azole derivative active against aspergillus, may be administered only in mild cases of aspergillus infections in immunocompromised patients. Infections with Cryptococcus neoformans, which hardly ever occur, have been observed frequently in AIDS patients. The manifestation of cryptococcosis mainly presents as chronical meningitis. Presently various treatment concepts are being clinically tested. An initial combination of amphotericin B, flucytosine, and fluconazole, followed by long-term treatment with fluconazole, is recommended.
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PMID:[Therapy of systemic mycoses in immunodeficiency]. 193 55

Mycobacterium haemophilum, previously characterized as an unusual pathogen, is found primarily in immunocompromised hosts. This organism has stringent growth characteristics and may not be isolated using routine techniques. M. haemophilum infects the skin and underlying tissues, a circumstance which reflects the organism's propensity for growth in a cooler environment. Infections have been reported in renal transplant recipients, patients with Hodgkin's disease, and, more recently, patients with AIDS. The organism has also been isolated from children with cervical lymphadenitis in the absence of apparent immunodeficiency. Response to therapy has not been uniform, and in some instances improvement in immune status has been associated with regression of lesions. With proliferation of transplantation surgery, chemotherapy, and AIDS, the number of infections due to M. haemophilum is likely to increase.
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PMID:Mycobacterium haemophilum infection in immunocompromised patients: case report and review of the literature. 196 7

It has been well established that psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and Reiter's syndrome can occur in patients with HIV infection. These arthocutaneous diseases tend to occur in temporal proximity to the development of AIDS and ARC, and their clinical manifestations are unusually severe. The appearance or exacerbation of psoriasis, arthritis, or Reiter's syndrome in a high-risk person should alert the clinician to possible underlying HIV infection. Treatment should be dictated by the severity of the skin and musculoskeletal disease as well as by the status of the immune system. Zidovudine appears to be effective in many diseases, especially psoriasis, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs are the mainstay for arthritis. Immunosuppressive agents such as methotrexate and azathioprine are contraindicated because they exacerbate immunodeficiency and promote infections. Epidemiologic studies suggest that the prevalence of these diseases, especially Reiter's syndrome, may be higher in HIV-positive populations than previously thought, especially in those patients with AIDS and ARC. Immunogenetic factors like HLA-B27 are important in the predisposition to Reiter's syndrome associated with HIV infection; however, it is not clear what role they play in HIV-associated psoriasis. Mechanisms underlying these observations remain unclear, although potential insights into the pathogeneses of psoriasis and Reiter's syndrome may be gained through future studies. Already it seems likely that CD4-positive helper T-cells, the target of HIV, are not necessary for the expression of psoriasis or Reiter's syndrome, and because of HLA class I associations, a role for CD8 positive cytotoxic T lymphocytes can be suspected. Infections, promoted by the profound immunodeficiency of AIDS, seem to be the most plausible explanations for the cutaneous and articular complications of HIV infection.
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PMID:Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection. 204 89

A quantitative bioassay for human immunodeficiency viruses has been developed on the basis of the ability of the tat gene to transactivate the expression of an integrated beta-galactosidase gene in a HeLa-CD4+ cell line. Infection by a single virion of HIV-1 or HIV-2 corresponds to a unique blue syncytium or a cell cluster detected after fixation and addition of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (a beta-galactosidase substrate). The number of infected lymphoid cells in a culture (stimulated human peripheral blood lymphocytes and cell lines) can also be quantified by cell-to-cell transmission of HIV into the HeLa-CD4(+)-beta-galactosidase monolayer. Infections by simian immunodeficiency viruses are similarly detected. This assay has been used to determine the dose response of drugs, the half-life of HIV at 37 degrees C, and the appearance of infectious particles after virus infection.
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PMID:Activation of a beta-galactosidase recombinant provirus: application to titration of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and HIV-infected cells. 211 May 96

Between October 15, 1985, and March 31, 1989, serum specimens from 1 141 164 teenaged youths (aged less than 20 years) who applied for entry into the US military were tested for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus. Overall, 393 teenaged applicants were found to be seropositive (prevalence, 0.34 per 1000). Prevalences varied markedly in different geographic locales: less than 0.1 per 1000 throughout the north-central states, compared with greater than 2 per 1000 in urban counties in Maryland, Texas, New York, and the District of Columbia. Overall, rates among teenaged males (345/991 445; prevalence, 0.35 per 1000) and teenaged females (48/150 013; prevalence, 0.32 per 1000) were comparable. The prevalence among black teenaged applicants (1.06 per 1000) was greater than that among white (0.18 per 1000) or Hispanic (0.31 per 1000) teenaged applicants. Infections with the human immunodeficiency virus are not rare among teenaged Americans.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infections in teenagers. Seroprevalence among applicants for US military service. The Walter Reed Retrovirus Research Group. 231 67


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