Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The prevalence of GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is high in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. However, the long-term consequences of coinfection are unknown. HIV-positive persons with a well-defined duration of infection were screened on the basis of their GBV-C/hepatitis G virus (HGV) RNA status and studied. GBV-C/HGV viremia was observed in 23, who carried the virus over a mean of 7.7 years. All parameters (survival, CDC stage B/C, HIV RNA load, CD4 T cell count) showed significant differences in terms of the cumulative progression rate between persons positive and negative for GBV-C/HGV RNA. When GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive and -unexposed subjects were matched by age, sex, baseline HIV RNA load, and baseline CD4 T cell count, HIV disease progression appeared worse in GBV-C/HGV RNA-negative subjects. The carriage of GBV-C/HGV RNA is associated with a slower progression of HIV disease in coinfected persons.
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PMID:Carriage of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus RNA is associated with a slower immunologic, virologic, and clinical progression of human immunodeficiency virus disease in coinfected persons. 1006 72

The duration of the GB virus C or hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) carriership varies according to the patient group studied. The immune competence of the host may be important. GBV-C/ HGV was studied in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons and an attempt was made to correlate the presence of viral RNA or E2 antibodies with CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Of 138 HIV-positive subjects, 30 were GBV-C/HGV RNA-positive and 20 others were E2 antibody-positive, whereas in healthy GBV-C/HGV-infected persons, the proportion of E2 antibody carriers was much higher. On the other hand, a relationship was not found between CD4+ lymphocyte counts and the presence of GBV-C/HGV RNA in the HIV-infected persons. This result does not necessarily imply that the CD4+ lymphocyte count does not affect viral clearance, but the results could be due to the trans-sectional nature of this study. A longitudinal assessment should clarify this point.
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PMID:Influence of CD4+ lymphocyte counts on GB virus C/hepatitis G virus carriership in HIV-positive individuals. 1008 48

GB virus C (GBV-C) or hepatitis G virus (HGV) is transmitted by the parenteral route but the importance of sexual transmission needs to be ascertained. GBV-C/HGV infections were investigated using RNA and E2-antibody detection methods in 80 subjects infected by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) divided into 4 groups of 20 individuals each according to their main risk factor for HIV-1 infection: blood product recipients (group 1), intravenous drug users (group 2), homosexuals (group 3), or heterosexual exposure (group 4). The overall prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection was 66.3%. No significant difference was observed in GBV-C/ HGV prevalence among the four groups: 75, 75, 55, and 60% in groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, used as a control for parenteral exposure, were found in 70% and 90% of the subjects in groups 1 and 2 versus only 15% and 20% of the subjects in groups 3 and 4, respectively (P< .001). Similarly, coinfections with GBV-C/HGV and HCV were significantly associated with the parenteral route (P <.001). These data emphasized the usefulness of combining the detection of RNA and the E2 antibody to determine the actual prevalence of GBV-C/HGV infection. The high prevalence of the GBV-C/HGV markers among the HIV-1-infected subjects, especially those with sexual exposure, provides additional evidence that this route of transmission plays a key role in the epidemiology of GBV-C/HGV. The potential influence of GBV-C/HGV infection on the course of HIV-1 disease needs further evaluation.
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PMID:Prevalence of GBV-C/hepatitis G virus RNA and E2 antibody among subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 after parenteral or sexual exposure. 1042 4

The prevalence and consequences of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection were determined in 180 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (predominantly male homosexuals) who participated in a trial that compared treatment with zidovudine versus interferon (IFN)-alpha versus the combination. HGV RNA levels were measured by branched DNA signal amplification assay. Initially, 66 (37%) had HGV RNA. Sexual transmission was the sole risk factor for infection in all but 4 subjects. Pretreatment clinical features were similar between HGV RNA-positive and -negative patients. After 6 months, only 5% treated with zidovudine became HGV RNA negative, compared with 95% who received IFN-alpha alone and 66% on combination therapy with low-dose IFN-alpha. After therapy, HGV RNA levels returned to baseline in most subjects. Thus, HGV infection is common among HIV-infected homosexual males but does not appear to influence clinical features in early HIV infection. HGV RNA levels are suppressed by IFN but not by zidovudine.
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PMID:Hepatitis G virus and human immunodeficiency virus coinfection: response to interferon-alpha therapy. 1047 67

We administered interferon (IFN) to two patients who had quadruple infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis G virus (HGV), and TT virus (TTV), a recently isolated novel DNA virus. Nine mega-units of natural alpha-IFN were administered daily during the first two weeks and thrice weekly during the following 22 weeks (total dose, 720 mega-units). In both cases, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels decreased during IFN administration but increased thereafter. The concentrations of HCV, HIV, HGV, and TTV declined with the administration of IFN. However, the concentrations of these 4 viruses increased after the cessation of IFN with the except of TTV in patient 2 which disappeared during treatment and did not subsequently reappear. IFN reduced the concentrations of 4 viruses, in an apparently independent manner.
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PMID:Interferon treatment of two patients with quadruple infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis G virus (HGV), and TT virus (TTV). 1053 4

We evaluated the characteristics and rate of infection with TT virus (TTV), a novel DNA virus, in Japanese haemophiliacs. TTV DNA was measured in 60 haemophiliacs by semi-nested polymerase chain reaction. Co-infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis G virus (HGV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was also evaluated. In addition, the rate of detection of TTV DNA in blood products was evaluated. TTV DNA was detected in 35/60 haemophiliacs (58.3%). There were no differences in the backgrounds or characteristics between haemophiliacs with and without TTV infection, except for higher levels of IgG and IgM in patients with TTV infection. In patients infected with TTV of types other than type 1, which are rarely detected in Japan, the rate of co-infection with HCV of imported types was high; TTV of types other than type 1 in Japanese haemophiliacs were probably transmitted by imported blood products. TTV DNA was detected in over half of the blood products tested, but TTV DNA concentrations in these products were lower than in the serum of haemophiliacs.
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PMID:Infection with TT virus, a novel transfusion-transmissible DNA virus, in haemophiliacs and in blood products. 1055 29

We compared characteristics of patients with GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) RNA to those of patients with GBV-C/HGV E2-antibody. GBV-C/HGV RNA and GBV-C/HGV antibody were assayed in 83 persons with hemophilia using a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. GBV-C/HGV RNA was detected in 19 (22.9%) patients and GBV-C/HGV antibody was detected in 17 (20.5%). The background characteristics between the patient groups did not differ with respect to age, severity of hemophilia based on the frequency of use of blood product, and both the initial age at the first use and years since the first use of blood products. There were no differences in coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and/or human immunodeficiency virus, except that infection with HCV subtype 1a was more prevalent in patients with GBV-C/HGV RNA (P = 0.0229). Human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) typing was conducted in 18 patients with GBV-C/HGV RNA and 15 patients with GBV-C/HGV E2-antibody; 13 of the patients with GBV-C/HGV antibody had either HLA DQ7, DR15, or DR8, whereas only 4 of the patients with GBV-C/HGV RNA did (P < 0. 001). It is concluded that the presumed age at the time of GBV-C/HGV infection, the frequency of exposure to GBV-C/HGV, and the time since the GBV-C/HGV infection were not associated with recovery from infection with GBV-C/HGV. Coinfection with HCV subtype 1a may be related to persistent GBV-C/HGV viremia, whereas HLA DQ7, DR15, or DR8 may be related to the clearance of GBV-C/HGV after infection.
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PMID:Comparison of characteristics between patients with GB virus C/hepatitis G virus (GBV-C/HGV) RNA and those with GBV-C/HGV E2-antibody in patients with hemophilia. 1056 60

A prevalence of 10.3% of GB virus C (GBV-C)/hepatitis G virus (HGV) carriers was found in 97 pregnant women from Kinshasa, Congo (formerly Zaire), while prevalences of 1%, 4.1%, and 0% were found for hepatitis C virus, human immunodeficiency virus, and human T-lymphotropic virus respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of the ten GBV-C/HGV positives based on the 5' non-coding region using three different methods identified consistently three GBV-C/HGV genotypes. Four main clades were found within the type 1 sequences. All the Congolese isolates are GBV-C/HGV type 1 in two different clades. The clustering of seven Congolese isolates was inconsistent in different methods. Further likelihood-mapping analysis showed a well-resolved phylogeny, confirming the clustering of the seven Congolese isolates with a Belgian strain representing a new clade in the GBV-C/HGV type 1 sequences.
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PMID:High prevalence of GB virus C/hepatitis G virus in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: a phylogenetic analysis. 1059 15

The prevalence of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection was investigated in 56 mothers with both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Thirty-three (58.8%) women had markers of HGV infection, including 7/15 (46.6%) with no history of parenteral exposure to blood. Sixteen (48%) had HGV RNA in serum by a polymerase chain reaction assay, and 17 (52%) had antibody to E2 viral protein. No woman was positive for both markers. Of 20 infants born to the 16 mothers with HGV viremia, 9 (45%, 95% CI 34-56%) acquired the infection. No infected child seroconverted to HGV during the first year of life. At the latest visit (mean: 37.1 mo, range: 9-89 mo) 7 children were still seronegative HGV RNA carriers, 1 was both RNA- and antibody-negative, while 1 RNA-negative child had developed the E2 antibody. Of the 20 HGV-exposed infants, 2 contracted HCV and 1 HIV-1 (all 3 with HGV coinfection). No abnormalities in clinical findings and ALT levels were observed throughout the follow-up period in the six children with HGV infection alone. Our findings show that HGV infection is widespread among HIV-1- and HCV-infected women. Maternal-infant transmission of HGV is common and occurs independently from that of HIV-1 and HCV in women with triple infection. Most perinatally HGV-infected children develop persistent infection with no clinical or biological signs of liver damage, at least in the first years of life.
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PMID:High rate of maternal-infant transmission of hepatitis G virus in HIV-1 and hepatitis C virus-infected women. 1062 28

Emergency physicians are exposed to a variety of occupational hazards. Among these are infectious diseases, such the human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B and C viruses, and tuberculosis. Hepatitis G virus is transmissible but may not be a cause of illness. The likelihood of being exposed to these agents appears to be higher in the ED than other medical settings but estimates of the prevalence of these diseases in the ED vary, depending on the patient population served. Estimates of risk for contracting these infections are reviewed. Measures to prevent these exposures can reduce risk, but compliance is low, particularly for those involving changes in the behavior of emergency physicians (such as not recapping needles). Latex allergy is a hazard of health care workers. Its prevalence is reported to be quite high, but these findings are difficult to interpret in the absence of a universally accepted definition of the condition. Its prevalence in emergency physicians is not known. Other noninfectious hazards include workplace violence and exposure to nitrous oxide. The health effects of rotating shift work may put emergency physicians at increased risk of coronary artery disease and impaired reproductive health. Emotional stress is another hazard of emergency physicians, and may lead to burnout.
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PMID:The occupational hazards of emergency physicians. 1083 Jun 87


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