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 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since 1985, many drug abuse treatment centers and health care providers have implemented special education programs for individuals who inject drugs. They focus primarily on increasing awareness of the threat of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) being spread through drug injection equipment and by sexual activities. As part of the Drug Abuse Treatment for AIDS-Risk Reduction (DATAR) project, the AIDS/HIV Risk Reduction Module was designed to meet these special intervention needs. This study examined program impact on 110 methadone treatment clients. Results indicated that for those in treatment less than 4 months, the AIDS intervention program enhanced specialized knowledge about AIDS, aided in the reduction of AIDS-risky behaviors, and enhanced attitudes toward achieving and maintaining abstinence from drug use. Thus, AIDS education and intervention programs appear to be effective and should be emphasized in the early phase of drug abuse treatment.
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PMID:Assessment of an AIDS intervention program during drug abuse treatment. 796 7

Since it was first recognized that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection could be sexually transmitted, celibacy has been advocated by some as the only unequivocally effective adaptation for avoiding the risk of infection. Others, however, have countered that few will be willing to be celibate and, further, that such behavior may have adverse psychosocial consequences. As part of a qualitative study of gay men's sexual decision-making in the context of the AIDS/HIV epidemic, we identified a subsample of respondents who had adopted celibacy for varying periods of time as an adaptation to the threat of AIDS/HIV infection. A content analysis of these men's interviews revealed 5 principal themes relating their reasons for choosing celibacy.
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PMID:AIDS-related reasons for gay men's adoption of celibacy. 829 10

This study evaluated the efficacy of a school-based AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) education program on 6th and 7th grade students. Using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design, a control group and an education group (intervention I) received both pretest and posttest questionnaires and a second education group (intervention II) was posttested only. Students were evaluated using a modified version of the Centers for Disease Control's Health Risk Survey. Students who received AIDS education were less likely (p < or = 0.0001) than the control group to report that they had changed their behavior to avoid getting AIDS, but thought they had a greater (p < or = 0.0002) chance of acquiring AIDS as an adult. In the intervention I group, males who had never received prior AIDS instruction were more worried about acquiring AIDS as an adult (p < or = 0.013). In the intervention II group, the education had a significant impact on the level of knowledge about AIDS/HIV infection (p < or = 0.0003) and the degree of tolerance toward students with AIDS (p < or = 0.0008), but the effect was not greater than the learning that occurred in the other 2 groups from testing alone. Students who were pretested were also less worried that they had been exposed to AIDS (p < or = 0.0001), more worried that they would die if they acquired AIDS (p < or = 0.05), and less likely to think AIDS patients should be isolated (p < or = 0.0005). Although this AIDS education program appeared to be moderately successful in this group of younger adolescents, significant learning also occurred fro testing alone.
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PMID:An evaluation of a school-based AIDS/HIV education program for young adolescents. 829 12

The survival experience and causes of death of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients were studied using a cohort of 3,699 AIDS patients in New York State, excluding New York City, whose illness was diagnosed before January 1990 at age 13 years or older. The median length of survival for all cases was 11.5 months, and survival increased over time from 5.3 months pre-1984 to 9.3 months in 1984-1986 and to 13.2 months in 1987-1989. In a Cox proportional hazards model, risk of dying was higher for persons aged 35 years or more at diagnosis and for persons with a diagnosis other than Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia or Kaposi's sarcoma whose illness was diagnosed before 1986. In this AIDS cohort, 2,834 (77 percent) persons died before 1991; 87 percent of the death certificates listed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS or an AIDS indicator disease as one of the multiple causes of death. The finding that 13 percent of the death certificates did not mention AIDS/HIV suggests that use of death certificates alone to count HIV-related deaths would result in an undercount. The recent expansion of the federal AIDS case definition is expected to add HIV-infected persons who die from conditions, such as recurrent pneumonia, that were not included in the earlier definition.
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PMID:Survival and mortality patterns of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cohort in New York State. 835 73

With over 37,000 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) reported by the end of 1991, New York City had reported nearly 20% of all US cases in the first decade of the AIDS epidemic. This report examines cases diagnosed through 1990 and reported through 1991 to describe rates and trends in the affected subpopulations. Case data were collected by the New York City Department of Health AIDS Surveillance Team, using a format standardized by the federal Centers for Disease Control. Deaths attributable to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection were examined using data provided by the New York City Department of Health Bureau of Vital Statistics. From 1981 through 1990, 37,436 cases of AIDS were diagnosed: 83% in men over the age of 19 years, 15% in women over 19, 2% in children under 13, and less than 1% in teenagers aged 13-19. Cumulative rates in New York City adults were as high as 100 per 10,000 in nine neighborhoods. Predominant trends included a sustained plateau in reported incidence in men who reported having sex with men and a continuing rise in cases in injection drug users and women infected through heterosexual intercourse. HIV-related deaths in men, women, and children were continuing to rise at the end of the decade. During the first decade of the AIDS/HIV epidemic, case surveillance in New York City measured the visible portion of the epidemic and provided important data on subepidemics.
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PMID:Trends in the first ten years of AIDS in New York City. The New York City Department of Health AIDS Surveillance Team. 845 16

The purpose of this study was to identify nurse caring behaviors desired by patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive. Forty-six adults with either a diagnosis of AIDS or HIV-seropositive participated in the study. Subjects indicated "treat me as an individual" as the highest scoring item. Themes derived from the data included acceptance, respect, treatment of the person as an individual, and nonjudgmental attitudes of the nurse toward the person with AIDS/HIV.
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PMID:Nurse caring behaviors for persons with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome/human immunodeficiency virus. 863 89

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A retrospective survey of the medical records of St. Paul's Hospital and its AIDS-care physicians/gastroenterologists searching for patients with both HIV/AIDS and IBD was conducted. Of 1,839 hospitalized patients (4,459 hospital admissions) from 1989 to 1993, two patients with AIDS/HIV and IBD were found. The physician survey revealed four patients for a total of six patients. Four patients developed de novo IBD--two ulcerative colitis (UC), one Crohn's disease (CrD), and one indeterminate colitis (IC)--after HIV infection. Two patients had UC predating HIV seroconversion. The absolute CD4 count of patients with de novo IBD was 210-700 cells/ml at the time of IBD. The patient with IC maintained quiescent IBD from a CD4 count of 190-30 cells/ml. The other had many relapses before HIV seropositivity. With CD4 count depletion, disease activity improved. IBD medications were discontinued at a CD4 count of 130 cells/ml. Diarrhea returned at a CD4 count of 20 cells/ml; however, sigmoidoscopy was unremarkable, and mucosal biopsy revealed cryptosporidiosis without active UC. No patient had an AIDS-related illness during active IBD. Two patients followed to CD4 counts of < 30 cells/ml suffered AIDS-related infections with quiescent IBD. With a progressive decline in CD4 count, IBD disease activity may improve and remit. The CD4 count at which remission occurs may reflect severe immunodeficiency such that risk for AIDS-related infection is high. Active IBD may occur with lesser degrees of immunodeficiency.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection, the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease. 883 95

In the absence of an effective cure or vaccine, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) preventive measures have focused on education and information to prevent and reduce high risk behaviours associated with AIDS/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. Strategies to change behaviour can be divided into 4 stages: information dissemination, motivation and persuasion, self-efficacy and skills development, and community support to sustain behavioural change. This paper discusses the application of behaviour change and social learning theories to control the spread of AIDS/HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. A review of the effectiveness of behavioural interventions among high risk groups such as homosexuals, intravenous drug users, commercial sex workers and adolescents is also outlined. A deeper understanding of and an increased attention to social network, organisational, cultural and environmental factors influencing behaviour is needed for the implementation of behavioural interventions. Behavioural strategies that focus on the individual must be supplemented with efforts to create economic, political and social environments that support the behavioural change.
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PMID:Behavioural interventions in the control of human immunodeficiency virus and other sexually transmitted diseases--a review. 884 96

The National AIDS Committee was formed in 1985 to develop and support policies that prevent transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 1990, the Institute of Epidemiology, Disease Control and Research in the Ministry of Health began sero-surveillance for AIDS/HIV infection. Convenience sampling was conducted among prisoners, sailors, truckers, antenatal attendees, repatriated Bangladeshi workers, and brothel-based prostitutes in Dhaka. In 1994, commercial sex workers in other high-risk areas were included in surveillance activities. Among over 75,700 HIV tests through 1998, 119 have been confirmed positive for HIV. While the cumulative HIV prevalence rate was only 1.5/1,000 tests, it was significantly higher among men (p < 0.0001) than among women. The rates among men were as high as 28/1,000 tests in 1996 and 21/1,000 tests in 1997. Almost 50% of the reported HIV cases are from cities on the border of India and Myanmar. It is anticipated that HIV transmission will increase further given the high prevalence of risk behaviors, core high-risk groups, and extreme poverty.
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PMID:An update on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS in Bangladesh. 1077 87

Human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy (HIVAN) is the most common form of chronic renal disease in HIV-1-seropositive patients. Over 85% of cases of HIVAN occur in African-American patients and it is the third leading cause of ESRD in blacks age 20 to 64. Changes in incidence rates of HIVAN have coincided with changes in AIDS incidence rates. The demographics of the AIDS/HIV-1 epidemic indicate that the risk pool for HIVAN will continue to grow and that urban Nephrology centers will continue to see high rates of HIVAN. In addition, improvements in survival rates of HIV-1-seropositive patients on hemodialysis and improved treatment of HIVAN with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors will result in an increased prevalence of HIVAN in the end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and pre-ESRD patient populations.
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PMID:HIV-associated nephropathy: an urban epidemic. 1145 28


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