Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To determine the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and cervical neoplasia, the characteristics of invasive and preinvasive cervical disease in 114 patients of known HIV status were assessed. Seven of thirty-seven patients (19%) under age 50 with invasive cervical carcinoma were HIV-positive, including a 16-year-old with stage IIIB disease. HIV-positive patients had more advanced invasive cancer than HIV-negative patients. Disease persisted or recurred in all HIV-positive patients compared to 37% of HIV-negative patients. In HIV-positive patients, the median times to recurrence and death were 1 and 10 months, respectively. No HIV-positive patient had HIV-related symptoms. The mean T4:T8 cell ratio in HIV-positive patients was 0.49, compared to 1.86 in HIV-negative patients. The mean T4 cell count was 362/mm3 in HIV-positive and 775/mm3 in HIV-negative patients. Colposcopic evaluations of the lower genital tract of 77 patients with abnormal smears revealed higher-grade cytology and histology in 25 HIV-positive than in 52 HIV-negative patients. HIV-positive patients had significantly more multifocal/extensive lesions, multisite involvement, perianal involvement, evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and associated gynecologic infections than HIV-negative patients. In areas at high risk for HIV infection, we must anticipate a high prevalence of HIV seropositivity in women with invasive cervical cancer. In the HIV-infected, cervical cancer is of advanced stage and responds poorly to therapy. Intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-positive patients may be of higher grade than in HIV-negative patients, with more extensive involvement of the lower genital tract.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus infection and cervical neoplasia. 222 52

From January 1988 to December 1993, we identified six men with minimally invasive (stage I) squamous cell carcinoma of the anus and 10 men with anal carcinoma in situ (CIS). Of the six patients with invasive carcinoma, four were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), including one with AIDS. Of the 10 patients with CIS, eight were infected with HIV, including four with AIDS. Anal pain and bleeding were the most common symptoms of minimally invasive anal cancer and anal CIS. Anal irritation, burning, or pruritus occurred more frequently in patients with CIS, whereas anal ulcers, masses, or abscesses were more frequent in patients with minimally invasive cancer. Several patients with CIS had a discrete area of leukoplakia in the anal canal or a pigmented plaque of the anus and anal canal. These lesions were not observed in patients with minimally invasive anal cancer. The symptoms and signs of early-stage anal cancer in men at risk for developing HIV infection or men infected with HIV often resemble those of other common anorectal diseases in homosexual men. Anal cancer in HIV-infected men is not limited to those individuals with AIDS.
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PMID:Clinical presentation of minimally invasive and in situ squamous cell carcinoma of the anus in homosexual men. 852 51

The objectives of our study were to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) in a southeastern human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive population relative to an HIV-negative control group and to compare these findings with published reports from other geographic regions. Demographic, medical, and cytopathologic data were collected on 89 HIV-positive women receiving care at the Duke Adult Infectious Disease Clinic. Comparisons were made with 100 HIV-negative obstetric patients who delivered at Duke and with published reports from other regions of the United States and abroad. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia was present in 43 (49%) of 87 HIV-positive women compared with 23% of the 100 HIV-negative patients. Two of the HIV-positive patients had invasive cancer. Comparison of these patients with patients from other geographic regions revealed similar odds ratios for the presence of CIN in HIV-positive patients compared with HIV-negative patients. These results suggest a significantly increased risk for cervical dysplasia in HIV-positive women in this southeastern population.
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PMID:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in HIV-infected women in a southeastern US population. 930 97

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive women have a higher prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in the cervix and anus, as well as squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) at these sites, than do HIV-negative women matched for age and HIV risk factors. Similarly, HIV-positive homosexual or bisexual men have a higher prevalence of anal HPV infection and anal SIL than do HIV-negative homosexual or bisexual men. In HIV-positive individuals, the prevalence of HPV infection, the proportion infected with multiple HPV types, and the prevalence of anogenital SILs increase with decreasing CD4 count. This situation may reflect loss of systemic immune response to HPV antigens or local HPV-HIV interactions at the tissue or cellular level. Despite the high levels of anogenital SILs, to date, there has not been a significant increase in reported cases of invasive anogenital cancer in HIV-positive individuals. However, several years may be required for SIL to progress to invasive cancer, and the advent of newer therapies for HIV that are expected to prolong survival may paradoxically increase the risk of progression to cancer in individuals with SILs if these lesions do not regress spontaneously and remain untreated.
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PMID:Human papillomavirus infection and anogenital neoplasia in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men and women. 970 96

Studies from the era prior to the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) have shown that the prevalence of anal human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and anal squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASIL) was very high among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive homosexual men, and to a lesser extent, among HIV-negative homosexual men. Prospective data also show that the incidence of high-grade ASIL (HSIL), the putative invasive cancer precursor lesion, was high among both HIV-positive and HIV-negative men. Studies of HIV-positive women and HIV-negative women at high risk of HIV show a high prevalence of anal HPV infection and ASIL. Early data suggest that most anal HSIL lesions do not regress after an individual begins HAART. Since progression of anal HSIL to invasive anal cancer may require several years, the improvement in survival associated with HAART may paradoxically lead to an increased risk of anal cancer. Consistent with this, the incidence of invasive anal cancer has been increasing over the last few years among HIV-positive gay men, and is now approximately twice that of HIV-negative gay men. The potential to prevent anal cancer through detection and treatment of anal HSIL suggests a need to screen high-risk individuals with anal cytology, similar to the longstanding cervical cytology screening program currently used to prevent cervical cancer. Cost-effectiveness analyses indicate that anal screening programs should be cost-effective in HIV-positive men. However, barriers to implementation of screening preclude near-term implementation of such a program. These include an inadequate number of clinicians skilled in diagnosis and treatment of HSIL and lack of effective medical alternatives to surgical excision. Efforts are underway to address these issues and to better understand the natural history of ASIL in the HAART era.
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PMID:Anal squamous intraepithelial lesions in human immunodeficiency virus-positive men and women. 1095 Mar 74

For many years data of cancer research indicated that viruses can cause cancer. Virus infections induce cancer by different mechanisms. To predict the significance of a viral DNA fragment in human cells we have to be aware of the changes the particular virus is able to induce there.However, no matter which mechanisms of viral carcinogenesis are utilized, generally other factors (environmental, chemical, immunodeficiency, etc.) are also needed to induce invasive cancer in human. Before the introduction of nucleic acid based detection technique virus identification was a long and cumbersome process. This has been eliminated by the invention of recombinant gene technology and polymerase chain reaction. Virus nucleic acid can be detected without amplification using Southern, Northern and in situ hybridization. Techniques for target (polymerase chain reaction)or signal (hybrid capture, tyramine) amplification improved the sensitivity of detection. In the meantime, for the successful use of the arsenal of new methods we have to consider the characteristic feature of molecular virus research. A major achievement of molecular virus detection is that it proved the pathological significance of viruses in human cancers even in those where this was not expected. Hopefully these informations will increase the effort for elimination of oncogene virus infections.
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PMID:[The molecular diagnostics of viruses]. 1205 Jun 78

Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a pathological denomination coined by the International Society for Study of Vulvo-vaginal Diseases (ISSVD) and adopted by the International Society of Gynaecological Pathology (ISGYP) and by the World Health Organization. VIN is a heterogeneous pathological entity with a usual type (warty, basaloid and mixed) and a differentiated type. The incidence of the disease is increasing, especially in young women. The high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, smoking, cervical, vaginal and rectal intraepithelial neoplasia are considered to be high risk factors for development of VIN. There are no specific symptoms or vulvar macroscopic aspects of VIN. However, a clinical lesion is always present. Liberal vulvar biopsies under colposcopy guidance should be done. Patients with diagnosis of VIN harbor an increased risk for vulvar invasive cancer. Surgical excision and laser CO2 vaporization are the most popular therapeutic modalities for VIN treatment, both with high rates of recurrence. A close follow-up of the patients is advised. Topical imiquimod seems to be a promising treatment option. Probably, prophylactic vaccination against HR-HPV will be an important tool for VIN prevention.
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PMID:[Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: a current problem]. 1914 26

Infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV) has been associated with the development of cervical and anal cancer. Worldwide, the incidence of anal cancer has increased markedly. The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of HPV infection of the uterine cervix and anal canal in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)- and non-HIV-infected risk populations. Cervical and anal HPV swabs and cytology samples were collected from 287 patients at the University Hospital of Munich, Germany between 2011 and 2013. Patients were divided into HIV-negative controls (G1) and two risk groups, including HIV-negative patients with cytological abnormalities of the cervix (G2) and HIV-infected patients (G3). Data, including clinical parameters, were analysed. The risk groups had significantly more positive results for HPV in the anus (71.03 and 83.15% for G2 and G3, respectively), as compared with G1. The predominant HPV genotypes found in the anus were high-risk HPV genotypes, which were significantly correlated with concomittant cervical HPV findings. In the risk groups, a significant association between the cytological findings and HPV detection in the cervix was found, while the results of the anus revealed no significance. The results of the present study suggested that the prevalence of HPV infection in the anal canal of risk populations is high. Furthermore, patients with abnormal cervical cytology results and HIV-infected women, irrespective of their individual cervical findings, may have a risk of concomittant anal high-risk HPV infection. Based on the predominant HPV genotypes found in the study, HPV vaccination could reduce the incidence of anal cancer. Nevertheless, high-risk patients should be intensively screened for anal squamous intraepithelial abnormalities to avoid invasive cancer stages.
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PMID:Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection of the anal canal in women: A prospective analysis of high-risk populations. 2845 26