Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Heroin-associated nephropathy (HAN), a complication of intravenous heroin abuse, was initially recognized at Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn, NY, in the early 1970s. Our recent experience indicates that after a steady incidence of new cases of HAN throughout the mid-1980s, a sharp decrease in incidence of new cases occurred starting in 1989. We sought to explore possible explanations for what amounts to disappearance of a previously prevalent disease. By means of retrospective analysis of a hospital-specific registry of new cases of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) at Kings County Hospital in Brooklyn, incidence curves from 1981 through 1993 for new cases of HAN, diabetes-induced renal disease, and human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy were constructed. From hospital computer records, the number of admissions directly related to opioid abuse were extracted and charted. Unpublished surveillance records of the New York State Office of Alcoholism and Substance Abuse Services as well as reports from the New York City Department of Health, Office of AIDS Surveillance and the US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration were used to determine the pattern of change in the prevalence of heroin abuse. Additionally, we used analysis of "street" heroin by the Drug Enforcement Administration to draw curves detailing drug cost and purity in New York City. There were no new cases of ESRD due to HAN for the years 1991 through 1993. The rates for new cases of ESRD due to diabetes and hypertension remained relatively constant throughout this interval.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Disappearance of uremia due to heroin-associated nephropathy. 774 21

Opium has been produced and consumed since the nineteenth century in the areas of Asia currently referred to as the Golden Crescent and the Golden Triangle. In the 1970s and 1980s, most countries from Afghanistan to Japan experienced a heroin epidemic of varying degrees of severity. Opium and heroin abuse appeared to be more severe in countries and areas where those drugs were produced, an exception being Hong Kong, which has had a large population of heroin abusers for more than two decades. Drug injecting was far more common in countries of the Golden Triangle than in those of the Golden Crescent. In Myanmar and Thailand, for example, up to 90 per cent of chronic heroin abusers practised intravenous injection, which appeared to spread to heroin abusers in nearby territories such as the State of Manipur in India. Yunnan province in China, as well as Malaysia and Viet Nam. Amphetamine abuse was more frequent in Japan and the Republic of Korea for a number of years, while illicit production and consumption in the Philippines have recently shown significant increases. The injection of amphetamines was common only in the Republic of Korea. The prevalence of injecting among institutionalized methamphetamine abusers was reported at about 90 per cent. Most countries in Asia first reported cases of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the mid-1980s. An extremely rapid spead of the epidemic and high prevalence, at rates of from 30 to 90 per cent, of HIV infection among the sample of intravenous heroin abusers were observed in a few countries with a high prevalence of intravenous injecting, such as India (in the State of Manipur), Myanmar and Thailand. The rest had either few reported cases or none at all, even though needle-sharing was found to be common. Great caution should be exercised in interpreting prevalence because of vast differences in methods of assessment. Given the vulnerability of intravenous drug abusers to rapid transmission of HIV infection, the prevention of drug injecting is of paramount importance in arresting the spread of the epidemic. Efforts to contain drug abuse, though difficult, are a principal means of achieving that end.
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PMID:Drug injecting and HIV infection among the population of drug abusers in Asia. 830 8

The prevalence and risk factors for acquisition of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I and II (HTLV-I and II) were investigated in a prospective study of 913 injecting drug users (IDUs) in Stockholm in 1994. Epidemiologic data were recorded, and blood samples were tested for antibodies against HTLV-I and HTLV-II; human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) types 1 and 2; and hepatitis A (HAV), B (HBV), C (HCV), and D (HDV). Positive serologic results for HTLV were confirmed by Western blot (WB) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of the 905 participants with conclusive HTLV-II status, 29 (3.2%) were HTLV-II positive, and all but three were of Nordic descent. None was HTLV-I infected. One person was infected as early as 1981, before HIV had reached the IDU population in Sweden. The prevalence of HTLV-II infection was 12% among HIV-1-seropositive and 1.8% among HIV-1-seronegative participants. The overall seroprevalences were 14% for HIV-1, 0% for HIV-2, 41% for HAV, 75% for HBV, 92% for HCV, and 8% for HDV. Although amphetamine has been the main injecting drug in Sweden for several decades, heroin abuse combined with a debut of injecting drugs before 1975 was identified as the most important risk factor associated with HTLV-II infection. HAV and HIV seropositivity were also independent risk factors.
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PMID:Prevalence and risk factors for HTLV-II infection in 913 injecting drug users in Stockholm, 1994. 934 59

Several endocrine functions are described which are altered in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, there is limited information available on estrogens and their function in these patients. The aim of this study was to relate the stage of the disease with urinary and serum estrogens and the influence of heroin consumption on gonadal steroids. Forty human immunodeficiency virus infected outpatients without AIDS or the clinical picture of AIDS were involved in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were divided in two groups: heroin addicts and non heroin addicts. Blood samples were taken and 24 h urines collected. Serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin, estrone, estradiol, testosterone and urinary total estrogens were measured by commercially available radioimmunoassays. Prolactin levels were not affected in the patients. However, compared with controls, follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone were significantly higher for both groups tested. In contrast, the elevated serum estrone levels were significantly lower expressed in the patients with heroin abuse compared to those of the other group. Urinary estrogens in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients of both groups were found to be higher than those compared to healthy controls. Since these drugs are known to enhance estrogen levels, we conclude that other factors are modulating estrogen formation and degradation in these patients.
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PMID:Evaluation of serum and urinary estrogen levels in male patients with HIV-infection. 981 34

Opiate abuse is a risk factor for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Because the direct effects of opiates on HIV infection are difficult to determine epidemiologically, animal models of lentivirus infection are relied upon to study the effects of opiates in the absence of confounding factors. Morphine, the predominant metabolite of heroin, is used in most experimental systems examining heroin abuse. In this study, morphine treatment of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats modeled a typical pattern of escalating drug use interspersed with withdrawals. Plasma cortisol levels were measured for evidence of stress associated with morphine withdrawal. In the morphine-treated cats, cortisol levels peaked at time points corresponding to morphine withdrawal and returned to baseline levels during treatment and several weeks after the final withdrawal. Morphine-treated cats displayed clear behavioral and physical signs of opiate exposure and evidence of withdrawal when the drug was stopped. Morphine-exposed cats did not experience enhanced severity of FIV-related disease; in fact, morphine demonstrated a protective effect on FIV-associated changes in brainstem auditory evoked potentials. Our research suggests that opiate exposure is unlikely to adversely affect the progression of acute lentivirus infection and might be beneficial in controlling associated neurological disease.
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PMID:Escalating morphine exposures followed by withdrawal in feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats: a model for HIV infection in chronic opiate abusers. 1463 69

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection can cause characteristic neural defects such as progressive motor dysfunction, striatal pathology and gliosis. Recent evidence suggests that HIV-induced pathogenesis is exacerbated by heroin abuse and that the synergistic neurotoxicity is a direct effect of heroin on the CNS, an alarming observation considering the high incidence of HIV infection with injection drug abuse. Although HIV infection results in neurodegeneration, neurons themselves are not directly infected. Instead, HIV affects microglia and astroglia, which subsequently contributes to the neurodegenerative changes. Opioid receptors are widely expressed by macroglia and macroglial precursors, and the activation of mu-opioid receptors can modulate programmed cell death, as well as the response of neural cells to cytotoxic insults. For this reason, we questioned whether opioid drugs might modify the vulnerability of macroglia and macroglial precursors to HIV-1 Tat protein. To address this problem, the effects of morphine and/or HIV Tat(1-72) on the viability of macroglia and macroglial precursors were assessed in mixed-glial cultures derived from mouse striatum. Our findings indicate that sustained exposure to morphine and Tat(1-72) viral protein induces the preferential death of glial precursors and some astrocytes. Moreover, the increased cell death is mediated by mu-opioid receptors and accompanied by the activation of caspase-3. Our results imply that opiates can enhance the cytotoxicity of HIV-1 Tat through direct actions on glial precursors and/or astroglia, suggesting novel cellular targets for HIV-opiate interactions.
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PMID:Preferential vulnerability of astroglia and glial precursors to combined opioid and HIV-1 Tat exposure in vitro. 1521 73

Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 drug-resistant rate among injecting drug users is higher than that in other HIV-1-positive populations, which is generally believed to be largely due to clinical nonadherence. Little is known, however, about whether heroin abuse has a direct impact on the generation of HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations. In this study, we investigated the impacts of morphine, the active metabolite of heroin, on HIV-1 infection/replication and HIV-1 drug-resistant mutations through an in vitro HIV-1-CD4+ T cell system under selective pressure from two typical antiviral drugs, Lamivudine and Nevirapine. We found that morphine treatment of MT4 cells (a CD4+ T cell line) significantly increased HIV-1 III B (a T-tropic viral strain) infection and replication in MT4 cells, and the effect of morphine on HIV-1 was mediated through an opioid receptor. More importantly, our results showed that morphine treatment not only induced more drug-resistant mutations under selective pressure from antiretroviral drugs but also shortened the mutations' generation time, compared with the control groups that were treated with antiretroviral drugs alone. Although the in vivo relevance remains to be determined, these findings provide direct in vitro evidence to support the possibility that heroin abuse itself can act as an independent factor contributing to the generation of HIV-1 drug resistance during clinical antiretroviral therapy. Therapeutic guidelines should consider this issue for heroin users with HIV infection.
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PMID:Morphine Increases Lamivudine- and Nevirapine-Induced Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Drug-Resistant Mutations In Vitro. 2742 Jul 39