Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Immunocompromised patients, particularly those with AIDS, develop progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) due to central nervous system infection with JC virus (JCV). It is unknown whether JCV infection in the central nervous system can occur in the absence of PML symptoms. To address this question, autopsy specimens from patients with AIDS were examined. The brains of a group of patients without AIDS or central nervous system disease were also examined. JCV DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction in brain tissue from 4 (31%) of 13 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. JCV was also detected in 1 elderly HIV-negative patient but not in the 11 other control brains. JCV was not detected in 22 myocardial specimens obtained at autopsy from HIV-negative patients nor 10 peripheral blood specimens from HIV-positive patients. The presence of JCV in brains of patients without clinically evident PML suggests that JCV may be present in the central nervous system without clinical disease.
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PMID:Subclinical central nervous system infection with JC virus in patients with AIDS. 131 12

Features of event-related potentials (ERPs) may be sensitive and clinically useful markers of central nervous system infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1); however, this application has not been studied in the risk group of intravenous drug users. Auditory ERPs generated by an "oddball" paradigm were analyzed for 39 male drug abusers as part of a multimodal assessment. Stage of HIV-1 infection was associated with prolongations of P1, N1, and P3 components of the ERP waveform. Only patients with full acquired immunodeficiency syndrome showed statistically significant increases in waveform prolongations. Specific neuropsychological deficits were not related to waveform latency prolongations.
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PMID:Auditory event-related potentials in HIV-1 infection: a study in the drug-user risk group. 149 81

The presence of mental disorder and cognitive functioning were examined in groups of 20 multiple sclerosis (MS) and homosexual acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ambulatory male outpatients matched for disability and demographic features. Patients who were somatically ill, had past central nervous system infection or tumours or abused intravenous drugs or alcohol were excluded. The groups significantly differed in mental symptoms and mental disorders (DSM-III classification) seen currently and after the diagnosis of MS or human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection. AIDS patients had pre-existing anxiety disorders that affected their current mental symptoms. MS patients showed more evidence of cognitive impairment than equally disabled AIDS patients. The differing neural and mental features are discussed in relation to the current concepts of subcortical and cortical disorders.
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PMID:AIDS and multiple sclerosis: neural and mental features. 160 52

Fifty-two patients at various stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who had one or several epileptic seizures in the course of that disease were retrospectively studied from 1985 to 1990. Thirty-five percent of these patients were in overt clinical AIDS at the time of the seizure(s). AIDS was revealed by a seizure in 2 cases. Generalized seizures were observed in 71 percent of the patients, and partial seizures in 29 percent. Electroencephalograms showed signs of brain irritation in only 19 percent of the cases. The cause of epileptic seizure(s) could be determined in 36 patients: cerebral toxoplasmosis in 23 cases; progressive multifocal leucoencephalitis in 2 cases; HIV encephalopathy in 3 cases; iatrogenic cause in 4 cases; meningoencephalitis in 3 cases and neurosyphilis in 1 case. No cause other than HIV infection was found in 16 patients. These findings confirm those of previous studies. In about one-third of AIDS patients epileptic seizures are the only clinical manifestation of viral central nervous system infection.
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PMID:[Epilepsy seizures in HIV infection. 52 cases]. 183 61

The encephalopathy associated with direct nervous system infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been recognized as one of the major debilitating aspects of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and of pre-AIDS conditions. A comprehensive neuropsychological examination of symptomatic HIV-infected subjects without opportunistic cerebral disease demonstrated a distinctive pattern of cognitive deficits marked by prominent attentional impairment. Evidence of organizational and reasoning impairments also was observed, but language, visual-spatial, and memory consolidation abilities were relatively preserved. The findings suggest a profile of impairment similar to other cognitive syndromes involving dysfunction of predominantly anterior brain structures and projections and suggest a rationale for psychostimulant drug treatment.
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PMID:Cognitive deficits associated with human immunodeficiency virus encephalopathy. 213 83

A variety of diseases of the central and peripheral nervous systems evolves during the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. Most are not related to documented opportunistic infections and may be the direct result of HIV infections, as large proportions of healthy and ill HIV-infected persons show evidence of nervous system infection. These diseases occur at different times during the infection and have diverse inflammatory, demyelinating, or degenerative pathological features that suggest different pathogenetic mechanisms. The route and determinants of HIV invasion of the nervous system are unknown. Within the brain, viral antigen and RNA are found predominantly in macrophages, but the reason why profound dementia and cortical atrophy result from this infection remains a mystery. By analogy to other lentivirus infections, particularly visna virus in sheep, neuropathological changes may be mediated by cytokines. Other possible pathogenetic mechanisms include toxicity of viral polypeptides, transactivation of viral or cellular genes, autoimmunity, or other opportunistic infections. Clarification of the pathogenesis of HIV-related diseases is critical to the design of rational therapies.
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PMID:The neurobiology of human immunodeficiency virus infections. 284 95

Serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from asymptomatic patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) showed frequent evidence of intrathecal IgG synthesis and oligoclonal IgG bands, with different isoelectric focusing patterns in serum and CSF; 2 of 7 had a CSF pleocytosis. The results suggest frequent, early, chronic central nervous system infection following HIV infection.
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PMID:Oligoclonal IgG bands in cerebrospinal fluid and serum during asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus infection. 314 Jul 14

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC) commonly complicates the course of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS. Although many of its clinical aspects have recently been brought into clearer focus, and pathogenetic evidence has accrued implicating direct HIV brain infection, there remain a number of fundamental aspects of ADC and HIV nervous system infection that require clarification. These include clearer definition of the clinical syndrome and its variants; development of instrumentation for diagnosis and monitoring the disorder; definition of the epidemiology and natural history of both central nervous system HIV infection and ADC, which may seemingly be discordant; and understanding of both the viral pathogenesis and the biology of resultant brain dysfunction. Elucidation of these fundamental issues will enhance rational development and evaluation of therapy.
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PMID:The AIDS dementia complex: some current questions. 334 98

To evaluate the presence and distribution of central nervous system infection by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), we used immunohistochemical methods to map the HIV-1 p24 core protein in the brains of 55 autopsied patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In a subset of 40 of these patients who had undergone antemortem neurological evaluation of the AIDS dementia complex (ADC), we analyzed the relation between the severities of the viral infection and clinical dysfunction. Viral antigen was detected in macrophages and cells with morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of microglia as well as multinucleated cells. The distribution of antigen-positive cells preferentially involved certain deep brain structures, especially the globus pallidus, other basal ganglia nuclei, and the central white matter. Overall, the presence and frequency of infected cells were highly correlated with the histological findings of multinucleated-cell encephalitis and in general with the clinical ADC stage. However, infection was often more limited than might be "anticipated" from the severity of patients' clinical dysfunction: Only 61% of patients with at least ADC stage 1 had detectable antigen and of these only approximately 30% of the brain sections were antigen positive. These results suggest a pathogenetic model of ADC where virus- or cell-coded toxins amplify the effect of limited brain infection.
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PMID:AIDS dementia complex and HIV-1 brain infection: clinical-virological correlations. 757 50

Neurocryptococcosis was a rare nervous system infection. With the rising number of patients with AIDS it became a very frequent disease. This infection is supposed to infect patients with some kind of immunodeficiency and the CSF alterations often simulate tuberculous meningitis. The purpose of this research was to compare the CSF changes in AIDS and non-AIDS patients with meningoencephalitis caused by Cr. neoformans. There were analysed 41 CSF samples from non-AIDS patients with neurocryptococcosis and 23 CSF samples from AIDS patients with neurocryptococcosis. The results of this research allowed to conclude that the inflammatory changes in the CSF from AIDS patients showed a lower intensity compared to those non-AIDS patients. These results showed as well, that the CSF samples from non-AIDS patients always revealed some changes besides the yeast cells. In some samples of AIDS patients, however the unique change was the presence of the yeast. It was demonstrated also, that the presence of Cr. neoformans in CSF, not accompanied by any other change, may suggest that is a patient with AIDS. In non-AIDS patients CSF alterations often simulates tuberculous meningitis. However these alterations were rare in AIDS patients. The yeast cells were more numerous in CSF samples from AIDS patients than in those from non-AIDS patients.
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PMID:[Comparison between CSF samples from AIDS and non AIDS patients with neurocryptococcosis]. 785 86


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