Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

2597 serum samples from individuals belonging to various groups were screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The majority of the sera screened were from residents of India; 16 were from foreigners. Screening was done using ELISA kits from 4 different commercial sources. Samples which were reactive initially were retested using the same kit. 4 samples were reactive repeatedly in all the kits used. 2 of these were from patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 1 from a patient with AIDS-related complex, and 1 from an apparently healthy female prostitute living in Bombay. These 4 samples were confirmed to be positive by Western Blot, immunofluorescence, and the Karpas AIDS test. Among the sexually promiscuous persons screened for antibodies to HIV in India, female prostitutes appear to be the only risk group in whom antibodies to HIV virus have been detected. This also has been reported from Tamil Nadu. Positive reactors among blood donors screened even in areas of high incidence of AIDS has been very low. There were no positive reactors among the tribals, naval personnel, and individuals from jails. Overall, the data and an earlier report from Delhi suggest that the activity of AIDS retrovirus remains low in India, but the possible threat of spread of this disease should be considered. As prostitutes have been the only risk group with positive serological evidence of HIV infection, surveillance of this group is indicated.
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PMID:Seroepidemiological investigations on human immunodeficiency virus infections in some parts of India. 316 84

Anti-human immunodeficiency virus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits marketed by Electro-Nucleonics Inc. (ENI), Genetic Systems Corp. (GSC), Organon Teknika Inc. (OTI), Ortho Diagnostic Systems Inc. (ODSI), and Wellcome Diagnostics (WD) were evaluated by using 289 randomly selected serum samples from a high-risk population and 53 serum samples likely to produce false-positive results. The radioimmunoprecipitation assay was used as the reference test. Sensitivities ranged from 96.51% (ODSI, WD) to 97.67% (ENI, GSC, OTI). Sera showing antibodies to viral glycoproteins only produced the false-negative results. Specificities ranged from 99.6% (ENI, GSC, ODSI, OTI) to 100% (WD). False-positive results were obtained with sera from patients with autoimmune disease or Epstein-Barr virus infection. Only results from GSC and OTI kits were distributed in two compact clusters well segregated on either side of the cutoff point. ODSI and GSC kits had the best intralot reproducibility. The GSC kit had the best interlot reproducibility. Cutoff values for ODSI and GSC kits were the least variable. Intraplate repeatability was good for all kits. Sample localization was not an important source of variability. Our results do not point out one outstanding kit among the five evaluated. However, the GSC kit showed the best overall results.
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PMID:Performance and reliability of five commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits in screening for anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibody in high-risk subjects. 317 Jul 12

21 laboratories participated in an international collaborative study to evaluate potential international reference reagents for measurement of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Given inherent differences between the principles of currently used assays (based on enzyme-linked or radioimmunosorbance, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting, or immunoprecipitation) and batch-to-batch variations in the preparations of reagents and kits, there is an urgent need for well-characterized reference materials that can be used to define the reliability and sensitivity of the tests, for quality control of batches, and as common references between laboratories. The 7 human sera tested included 1 reactive against HIV and 1 unreactive. The study was designed to identify the coded preparations that reacted with HIV antibodies and to ascertain the minimum amount of the reactive samples that could be detected in the methods routinely used by the participants. Participants carried out single or duplicate assays for individual manufacturer's ELISAs or by their local methods. The proposed positive international reference reagent (coded A) reacted strongly in all immunoassays and gave all the expected bands in immunoblot systems using HIV-related virus strains as antigens. The unreactive serum (coded E) was negative by ELISA and immunoblots. Although the end-points determined by ELISAs varied considerably between laboratories, even when the same commercial kit was used, this variation was reduced somewhat when the reactivities of the samples were expressed relative to preparation A. It is concluded that the proposed international reference reagent A may have value as a qualitative check on the specificity of assays, in calibrating positive controls included in kits and other assays in arbitrary units, in calibrating detection limits in arbitrary units, and for calibrating immunoblots, especially for defining the optimal amounts of antigen and determining the relative mobilities of the major HIV peptides and glycopeptides.
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PMID:Measurement of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus: an international collaborative study to evaluate WHO reference sera. 326 Aug 29

Eighty-three chronic hemodialysis patients were tested for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Testing included screening enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for HIV antibodies, competitive EIA for envelope and core antibodies, EIA for HIV antigen, and lymphocyte culture. Five (6%) of the patients had positive screening EIA at low reactivity. Four of these five had antibodies to H-9 cellular antigens. Comparison of the five seropositive patients to matched controls showed no significant differences in number of lymphocytes or helper/suppressor ratio. Six months later, the five patients had negative screening EIA results using a kit with a manufacturing change approved by the Food and Drug Administration that provided improved specificity. In addition, their Western blot analysis was negative. We conclude that (1) false-positive screening EIA results are more common in chronic hemodialysis patients than other populations; (2) evaluation of chronic hemodialysis patients for HIV infection requires confirmatory tests; and (3) newer EIA screening kits appear to have improved specificity.
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PMID:False-positive results of screening for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in chronic hemodialysis patients. 328 69

Detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the accepted method to screen blood products at risk to transmit infection. The presence of antibodies to HIV in 565 serum specimens from 274 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS-related complex, symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects at risk for AIDS, and controls was determined with an ELISA that incorporates synthetic peptides (designated E32/E34) representing sequences in the envelope glycoprotein gp41. Of 105 specimens from patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex, 3 specimens that were negative by commercially licensed ELISA and immunoblot test were similarly unreactive in the E32/E34 ELISA. For homosexual men with generalized lymphadenopathy, 186 specimens were positive by the E32/E34 ELISA and 63 specimens were negative. In comparison, with the licensed ELISA, 184 of these samples were positive and 65 samples were negative. The two samples that were positive in the E32/E34 ELISA but not the commercial kit were also positive by immunoblotting. Sequential sera from one individual who apparently underwent seroconversion according to the commercial assays were all positive by E32/E34 ELISA and immunoblotting. Thus, the ELISA with synthetic peptides is an extremely sensitive and specific test of antibody response to HIV and has not yet yielded a negative result with a Western blot (immunoblot)-confirmed antibody-positive serum.
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PMID:Antibody to a synthetic oligopeptide in subjects at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. 347 91

The characteristics of primary (first) tests with three enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody were determined. The three ELISAs were performed on 3,229, 3,130, and 685 specimens from high-risk individuals using the Litton (LT; Litton Bionetics Laboratory Products, Charleston, S.C.), Dupont (DP; E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., Inc., Wilmington, Del.), and Genetic Systems (GS; Genetic Systems, Seattle, Wash.) kits, respectively. Evaluation was based on the distribution of quantitative test results (such as optical densities), a comparison with Western blot (WB) results, reproducibility of the tests, and identification of seroconverters. The performances of the GS and the DP kits were good by all four criteria and exceeded that of the LT kit. Primary ELISA-negative results were not always confirmed with repeat ELISA and by WB testing. The largest percentage of these unconfirmed negative test results came from samples with quantitative results in the fifth percentile nearest the cutoff. Thus, supplementary testing was indicated for samples with test results in this borderline negative range. Similarly, borderline positive primary ELISA results that were quantitatively nearest (fifth percentile) the cutoff value were more likely to be antibody negative on supplementary testing than samples with high antibody values. In this study, results of repeated tests by GS ELISA showed the least change from first test results. DP ELISA showed more unconfirmed primary positive test results, and LT ELISA showed more unconfirmed primary negative test results. Designation of a specimen with a single ELISA quantitative level near the cutoff value as positive or negative should be viewed with skepticism. A higher than normal proportion of specimens with high negative optical densities by GS ELISA (fifth percentile nearest the cutoff) and also negative by WB were found to be from individuals in the process of seroconversion.
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PMID:Significance of quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) results in evaluation of three ELISAs and Western blot tests for detection of antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus in a high-risk population. 354 69

The antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) after primary infection was monitored in eight homosexual men with the acute mononucleosis-like illness associated with seroconversion. Multiple sera from each subject, taken at frequent intervals after onset of acute illness, were tested for antibody to HIV by IgM and IgG immunofluorescent assays (IFAs), four commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and Western immunoblot (WB). Antibody to HIV was detected first by IgM IFA (mean +/- SD, 5 +/- 3 days), followed by IgG IFA (11 +/- 3 days); the IgM antibody titer peaked at 24 +/- 17 days and disappeared by 81 +/- 27 days, whereas the IgG antibody titer peaked at 133 +/- 63 days and has not disappeared in any subject. Antibody to HIV was first detected by ELISA from 31 +/- 14 to 58 +/- 32 days, depending on the assay kit used. Antibody to p24 and gp41 was first detected by WB at 24 +/- 10 days, followed by antibody to p55 (40 +/- 20 days), p68 (57 +/- 19 days), and p34 (71 +/- 22 days).
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PMID:Antibody response to human immunodeficiency virus after primary infection. 355 44

A new enzyme-linked-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to feline immunodeficiency virus was compared with previously described ELISAs. Serum samples from 184 infected or uninfected cats were tested using a whole virus lysate kit and ELISAs based on recognition of one of two synthetic peptides (P237 and P253) localized in the transmembrane domain of the viral envelope. The whole virus lysate commercial kit led to the detection of 6% false positive and 4.3% false negative sera. The ELISA based on peptide P253 gave no false positive result and failed to detect only one serum that was subsequently shown to be positive by radio-immunoprecipitation assay. A sandwich-ELISA test using Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, a lectin that specifically binds terminal mannose groups of the envelope proteins was used as a confirmatory test for equivocal results with peptide ELISA and gave similar results. This study indicates that recognition of P253 could serve as a sensitive and specific test for the diagnosis of seropositivity to feline immunodeficiency virus, and moreover that the Galanthus nivalis ELISA could be useful in equivocal cases as a confirmatory test.
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PMID:Comparison of serological tests for the diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus infection of cats. 757 77

The crude water extract (NS-1) from a seaweed (Digenea simplex C. Agardh Rhodomelaceae) exhibited anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 activity in vitro. The inhibitory effect of the extract on the cytopathic activity of HIV-1 and it's antigen production was examined using a microplate method, immunofluorescent assay, and an HIV antigen detection kit (Abbott). NS-1 inhibited both the cytopathic effect of HIV-1 to MT-4 cells and the giant cell formation of Molt-4 cells infected with HIV-1.
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PMID:The inhibitory effect of the crude extract from a seaweed of Dygenea simplex C. Agardh on the in vitro cytopathic activity of HIV-1 and it's antigen production. 758 85

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis associated with human immunodeficiency virus nephropathy (HIVFGS) involves glomeruli, tubules, and interstitium. Its pathogenesis is unknown, but HIV peptides may be critical in its development. Human immunodeficiency virus peptides and peptide-antibody complexes are immunomodulatory, and are associated with apoptosis in lymphoid cells. To determine whether apoptosis is present in HIVFGS, renal biopsy specimens of eight patients with HIVFGS were compared with those of 10 patients with idiopathic focal glomerulosclerosis (FGS) using the Apoptag kit (Oncor, Gaithersburg, MD), which detects single cell apoptosis in formalin-fixed tissue by staining 3' nucleosome fragments with digoxigenin-labeled nucleotides after terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase enzyme treatment. Apoptosis was scored per glomerulus, in total renal tissue sectioned, and in tubules and interstitium per square millimeter using a computerized digital image analyzer. There was no difference between the number of apoptotic cells per glomerulus or per square millimeter of interstitium in patients with FGS and HIVFGS. There were greater numbers of tubular apoptotic cells per square millimeter (2.1 +/- 0.9 v 0.15 +/- 0.08; P = 0.03) in HIVFGS compared with idiopathic FGS. The difference between apoptotic cells per total square millimeter of renal tissue (2.8 +/- 1.2 v 0.7 +/- 0.3) approached significance (P = 0.066). Apoptosis may be associated with the pathogenesis of HIV nephropathy and may be an important determinant of the tubular disease in HIVFGS.
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PMID:Apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus-associated nephropathy. 764 32


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