Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the HIV-CHEK kit for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing. A comparison with the Serodia-HIV test was made on 42 fresh serum samples. Both tests accurately identified the 11 true positive serum samples, while there was one false positive with the Serodia-HIV and 3 were difficult to interpret using the HIV-CHEK. To assess the sensitivity of the HIV-CHEK assay, a comparison with other tests was made using serial titrations of stored known HIV-positive frozen serum samples. Here the HIV-CHEK demonstrated a poor sensitivity compared to the others. In conclusion, although we found the HIV-CHEK to be simple and quick, the difficulty with interpretation of some specimens and the apparent poor sensitivity on frozen samples makes it difficult to recommend this kit in its present form as a principal initial screening test for HIV antibody.
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PMID:The usefulness of the HIV-CHEK assay as a simple, rapid and sensitive screening test for HIV infection. 208 43

We evaluated 550 serum samples with four commercially available enzyme immunoassays and Western Blot was used as the confirmatory test for antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The Wellcozyme (Wellcome), Flow HIV-TEK G, and Behring test kits identified all 50 Western Blot positive samples correctly, whereas DuPont failed to detect one sample. None of the kit was able to pickup one sample that showed a faint P24 band on Western Blot strip. The frequency of false positive reaction in the 500 negative serum samples were Wellcome 0%, Behring and DuPont 0.2% and Flow HIV-TEK 0.4%.
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PMID:Detection of HIV-antibody evaluation of four commercially available enzyme immunoassays. 212 70

Results from laboratories performing indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) testing for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody and participating in the Centers for Disease Control Model Performance Evaluation Program in 1988 are presented. Approximately 90% of all laboratories receiving specimen panels or questionnaires furnished results to the Centers for Disease Control. In September 1988, 111 reports were received from IIF laboratories from 34 states and nine countries; most of these laboratories did IIF testing in conjunction with other antibody tests. Hospital laboratories were the most common type of laboratory participating in the program. Laboratories that performed IIF employed fewer personnel and performed testing less frequently than did laboratories that performed enzyme immunoassays or Western blot (immunoblot) tests and were likely to use a commercial test kit. Most of the laboratories that referred specimens for IIF testing sent them to the state laboratory. The analytic specificity for the Model Performance Evaluation Program specimens was 98.5% when indeterminate results on a negative specimen were considered correct (negative) and 89.6% when indeterminate results on a negative specimen were considered incorrect; analytic sensitivity was 94.8% when indeterminate results on a positive specimen were correct (positive) and 91.4% when indeterminate results on a positive specimen were considered incorrect. When indeterminate results were considered correct, all types of laboratories (blood bank, state, hospital, independent, and other) had analytic specificities over 96%, and all manufacturers had analytic specificities above 95%. All types of laboratories had analytic sensitivities over 92%, and analytic sensitivities were above 94% for all manufacturers and reagent sources except Cellular Products. Comparison of percentages of correct responses between IIF and Western blot assays on those samples for which there was good agreement on the target interpretation revealed no significant differences. Both individual donor and diluted materials were included in the evaluations; the diluted donor material presented the greatest testing difficulty. Within-survey reproducibility was about 93% overall and by specimen type. Between-survey reproducibility was about 81% for negative and indeterminate specimens and 88.5% for positive specimens, for an overall between-survey reproducibility of 84.3%. Differences in performance were noted when results were compared by type of laboratory and test manufacturer.
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PMID:Indirect immunofluorescence test performance and questionnaire results from the Centers for Disease Control Model Performance Evaluation Program for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 testing. 216 39

Many truly human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody-negative serum samples may be unnecessarily subjected to costly and time-consuming Western blots (immunoblots). An investigation was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of using a recombinant protein-based enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA; Cambridge BioScience [CBC] Recombigen HIV EIA) as an adjunct to whole viral lysate EIA. A total of 2,212 serum samples which had been screened by viral lysate EIA were tested by CBC EIA in parallel with the Western blot. The sensitivity and specificity of the CBC kit were 99.9 and 99.7%, respectively. Positive and negative predictive values were 99.7 and 99.9%, respectively. The high sensitivity of this kit and its high negative predictive value make it an attractive addition to an HIV testing algorithm by reducing the number of Western blot tests on truly antibody negative serum samples.
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PMID:Evaluation of a human immunodeficiency virus test algorithm utilizing a recombinant protein enzyme immunoassay. 219 90

The pooling of five individual serum samples for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies was examined to assess whether testing pooled versus individual sera was technically feasible. Detection of HIV-1 antibodies was performed using a competitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) Wellcozyme HIV Recombinant commercially available kit. Positive, weak positive and negative sera or HIV-1 antibody from Wellcozyme HIV Recombinant, Du Pont ELISA, SERODIA HIV Mast Diagnostica and from "Stefan S. Nicolau" Institute of Virology (NIV) collection were pooled in various dilutions with control negative sera for HIV-1 antibodies. When positive sera were pooled 1:4 with negative sera, results remained reactive in the same range of positivity and when cut off-control sera were pooled 1:4 with negative sera samples remained in the cut off range. For reliability we considered cut of values of pooled sera probes an A 450 absorbance 0.2 units higher than the absorbance of cut-off-control from Wellcozyme HIV Recombinant kit B. Samples of pooled sera that have absorbance A 450 lower, equal or 0.2 units higher than the absorbance of cut off-control of Wellcozyme were considered positive and the five sera were tested as individual probes. The positive probes thus found were retested in duplicate using the original sample source. Negative samples of pooled sera do not have to be retested, this being the main advantage of this technique. Also positive sera (controls of from NIV collection) were pooled with HIV-1 antibody negative sera which were positive for rheumatoid factor (RF).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Evaluation of efficacy of pooled sera in a human immunodeficiency virus antibody prevalence in population surveys. 222 57

Using immunoenzymatic method (IE) for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) serologic detection, and comparing with indirect immunofluorescence method (IIF). This method had same specificity and reproducibility but more sensitivity than IIF. Because it is simple, practical and suitable, IE method can replace IIF as the HIV serologic screening method suited to base application. Using HIV-1 immunoenzymatic reagent kit in Ivory Coast obtained good results.
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PMID:[Establishment and application of serologic diagnosis method in human immunodeficiency virus]. 222 9

As part of a phase 1 trial of a candidate AIDS vaccine, blood specimens were collected from 168 healthy adult volunteers at minimal or no risk for becoming infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). These specimens were screened for evidence of HIV-1 infection by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and the Biotech/Du Pont Western blot (n = 168), culture (n = 122), and polymerase chain reaction assay (n = 20). None of the subjects had a positive test result by any of these assays, but 32% had indeterminate Western blot tests, most of which demonstrated a single band of low intensity. The most common bands were p24 (47%), p55 (34%), and p66 (36%); envelope bands were unusual (gp41, 2%; gp120, 2%). No serum specimen collected after 2-11 months from individuals with indeterminate Western blot results was positive by EIA or Western blot. There was 91% agreement in the test results of the first and second serum samples when the same lot of Western blot kit was used but only 36% agreement when different lots were used. The Biotech/Du Pont Western blot kit thus frequently yields indeterminate test results in the absence of HIV-1 infection, the reproducibility of which is subject to lot-to-lot variability.
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PMID:Frequency of indeterminate western blot tests in healthy adults at low risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. The NIAID AIDS Vaccine Clinical Trails Network. 223 Feb 70

Five commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay systems for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood were evaluated for technical and operational performance. All five systems performed adequately in the technical challenges posed, with specificities in excess of 99% for 1,020 specimens. In a serial dilution sensitivity challenge, all of the kits were able to detect specific antibody within one dilution of a Western blot (immunoblot) standard, except for a Du Pont Co. kit, which detected antibody within two dilutions of the standard. The Du Pont assay showed the least variation in control values between test runs and between lots. All of the systems produced acceptable results, but their operational parameters differed significantly.
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PMID:Evaluation of enzyme-linked immunoassay systems for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 antibody from filter paper disks impregnated with whole blood. 233 74

Approximately one third of infants born to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seropositive mothers have evidence of infection or of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by the age of 18 months. One fifth of infected infants also have died by age 18 months. This prevalence, combined with the demonstration that zidovudine (formerly azidothymidine) can decrease mortality and the frequency of opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome--related complex, may lead to increasing use of azidothymidine in pregnancy despite a paucity of information regarding its pharmacokinetics. To further investigate the distribution of azidothymidine and its inactive metabolite 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine in the mother, fetus, and amniotic fluid, 12 near-term pregnant baboons were given oral azidothymidine (21 mg/kg/day in four divided doses every 6 hours, equivalent to the usual nonpregnant human dose of 1500 mg/day). Specimens of maternal blood, fetal arterial blood obtained by percutaneous umbilical cord blood sampling, and amniotic fluid were obtained after from one to 17 doses of azidothymidine. Azidothymidine levels were measured by radioimmunoassay with the INCSTAR commercial radioimmunoassay kit and using Escherichia coli beta-glucuronidase for determination of 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine levels. Paired analyses revealed significant concentration gradients between amniotic fluid, fetal serum, and maternal serum for both azidothymidine (p less than 0.019) and 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine (p less than 0.002). The amniotic fluid 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine level increased with increasing doses of azidothymidine despite the fact that the maternal azidothymidine and 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine concentrations were unchanged. This accumulation of amniotic fluid 5'-glucuronide azidothymidine may provide a functional drug reservoir and contribute to the higher fetal concentrations of the medication and its metabolite. Alternatively, the higher fetal levels may represent slower clearance in the fetus than in the mother. Further studies appear warranted with respect to possible adverse fetal effects, especially bone marrow suppression with prolonged and chronic exposure to azidothymidine.
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PMID:Transplacental transfer of zidovudine in the near-term pregnant baboon. 240 53

The procedures designed to minimize the risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission through transfusion include donor self-exclusion, health history questions, confidential unit exclusion, donor call back to withdraw donation, and HIV antibody testing. Each step is important for reducing the number of units collected from donors who are at risk for HIV infection. Although HIV antibody test kit sensitivity exceeds 99%, recently infected persons who are in the "window" between infection and seroconversion are not detected. "Worst scenario" estimates indicate that 1 of 36,000 to 1 of 300,000 components may be collected from donors who have false-negative test results. Since some risk of infection transmission remains, physicians must prescribe transfusion therapy only when the benefit outweighs the potential risk.
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PMID:Current risk of transfusion-associated human immunodeficiency virus infection. 240 23


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