Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two features of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection are emphasized: a transitory decrease in CD4 T cells in the first 2 weeks of infection followed by CD8 T-cell rise, and immune cell activation occurring by 4 weeks and persisting throughout the illness. The short-term changes included a fall in CD4 T cells by 2 weeks with partial recovery by 4 weeks and a CD8 rise that starts at 2 weeks. Subsequent characterization of CD4 T cells showed reduced expression of HLA-DR and CD25 (IL-2 receptor alpha chain) antigens later in SIV infection. Immune cell activation is evident in increased serum levels of neopterin and soluble CD8 antigen. Serum beta 2-microglobulin changes are less marked. Activation of CD8 T cells is reflected by increased percentages of cells expressing HLA-DR antigen. The B-cell numbers increased late in the course of SIV infection. Increased expression of the CD78 (Leu 21) activation phenotype was also seen in some monkeys. The immune activation changes (serum neopterin levels) induced by SIV infection in rhesus macaques appear to be associated with duration of illness, although the number of monkeys observed until death were too few for conclusive data. Thus, immune activation as well as T-cell deficiency may reflect significant immunopathogenic processes in SIV-induced disease.
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PMID:Acute lymphoid changes and ongoing immune activation in SIV infection. 154 74

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNC) play important roles in immunodeficiency diseases and AIDS-like syndromes in cats caused by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and presumably also when caused by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). For comparative or functional studies it is advantageous or necessary to obtain these cells as separate entities from the same sample of an animal. Therefore, we analyzed the technical parameters of obtaining, separating and purifying these cells simultaneously from several blood samples of several cats. Flow cytometric studies with outbred cats indicated that of various cell separation/purification methods, e.g. from lysed whole blood, by Histopaque 1.077 or 1.119 single-density, or by 1.077/1.119 double-density centrifugation, the 1.077/1.119 double-density centrifugation of diluted whole blood is the most consistent, practical and effective method of yielding both highly purified PBMC and PMNC as separate entities from the same sample. The interface between plasma and 1.077 contained an average 86% PBMC vs. 14% PMNC, and the interface between 1.077 and 1.119 an average of 2% PBMC vs. 98% PMNC. Lymphocytes separated by this method had an average CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio of 2.0. These data indicate that Histopaque 1.077/1.119 double-density gradient allows purification and physical separation of lymphocytes and phagocytes from a blood sample, enabling the investigator to examine both cell types from the same sample simultaneously.
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PMID:Simultaneous separation and purification of mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells from the peripheral blood of cats. 155 64

Three Chinese infants with methylmalonic acidaemia were described. They presented in the neonatal period with recurrent episodes of poor feeding, lethargy, apnoea and severe acidosis. The diagnosis was established by increased methylmalonic acid concentration in the plasma and/or urine. Pancytopenia was a prominent feature in all three patients. Only patient three had assessment of lymphocyte subsets and it showed diminished population of B-lymphocytes and a reversed CD4/CD8 ratio. All three patients were unresponsive to vitamin B12. They experienced severe infections including Gram-negative septicaemia, candidiasis and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia which caused their deaths. Patients with this disease should be regarded as having severe immunodeficiency, and in addition to optimal metabolic control, they should be treated aggressively for any suspected infective episodes.
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PMID:Immunodeficiency in methylmalonic acidaemia. 156 72

Flow cytometric studies were done in Malawi on 229 women in their third trimester and 128 women 6 weeks postpartum; both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-seropositive and -seronegative women demonstrated an increase in the absolute number of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes between late pregnancy and early postpartum, while percentages of CD4 and CD8 cells remained virtually unchanged. Subsequent measurement of CD4 and CD8 cells 6 weeks after delivery in 89 women tested in the third trimester showed an increase in absolute numbers in both HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative women, without a parallel increase in CD4 or CD8 percentage. Regardless of HIV-1 infection status, Malawian women are no more immunosuppressed, as measured by T cells, in their third trimester of pregnancy than in the nonpregnant state. Percentage, rather than absolute number, should be used when monitoring CD4 and CD8 cell levels in pregnant women to avoid the effect of higher volume of distribution on absolute numbers of T cells.
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PMID:T lymphocyte subsets during and after pregnancy: analysis in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and -uninfected Malawian mothers. 158 30

The pathogenesis of central nervous system (CNS) disease in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is poorly understood but may be related to specific effects of the immune system. Cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 may have toxic effects on CNS cells and have been postulated to contribute to the pathogenesis of the neurological complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To characterize viral and immunological activity in the CNS, frozen specimens taken at autopsy from the cerebral cortex and white matter of HIV-seropositive and -seronegative individuals were stained immunocytochemically for mononuclear cells, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens, HIV, astrocytes, and the cytokines interleukin-1 and -6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta, and interferon gamma. Levels of soluble CD4, CD8, and interleukin-2 receptor, as well as interferon gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, beta 2-microglobulin, neopterin, and interleukin-6 and -1 beta were assayed in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma of many of these individuals during life. The HIV-seropositive group included individuals without neurological disease, those with CNS opportunistic infections, and those with HIV encephalopathy. Perivascular cells, consisting primarily of macrophages with some CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and rare B cells, were consistently MHC class II positive. MHC class II antigen was also present on microglial cells, which were frequently positive for tumor necrosis factor-alpha. HIV p24 antigen, when present, was found on macrophages and microglia. Endothelial cells were frequently positive for interleukin-1 and interferon gamma and less frequently for tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-6. There were gliosis and significant increases in MHC class II antigen, interleukin-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in HIV-positive patients compared to HIV-negative brains. Cerebrospinal fluid from most of the patients tested had increased levels of tumor necrosis factor, beta 2-microglobulin, and neopterin. There was no correlation in HIV-positive individuals between levels of cytokines and the presence or absence of CNS disease. These data indicate that there is a relative state of "immune activation" in the brains of HIV-positive compared to HIV-negative individuals, and suggest a potential role for the immune system in the pathogenesis of HIV encephalopathy.
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PMID:Cytokine expression in the brain during the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 158 35

Increases in plasma levels of soluble CD8 (SCD8) antigen and expansion of the CD8+ CD38+ lymphocyte compartment were early immunologic alterations frequently observed prior to detection of antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and diminution of CD4+ cells in subjects at risk to develop AIDS. These increases identified in the 49 seronegative homosexual men were manifest in all 164 homosexual subjects and 45 intravenous drug users (IVDU) positive for HIV-1 antibodies (HIV-1+), 19 patients with ARC, and 29 AIDS patients. Augmentation of plasma sCD8 antigen correlated with increases in both CD8+ and CD8+ CD38+ cells in HIV-1(-) homosexual men (r = 0.35, P less than 0.013; r = 0.48, P less than 0.0005; respectively) and the 258 HIV-1+ subjects (r = 0.25, P less than 0.0003; r = 0.33, P less than 0.0001, respectively). In vitro examination of unstimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes from HIV-1+ homosexuals and IVDU confirmed the fivefold higher constitutive levels of cellular release of sCD8 antigen in these subjects compared to heterosexual controls. Inclusion of radiolabeled amino acids during the 3-day culture period in the presence or absence of phytohemagglutinin resulted in negligible levels of radioactivity associated with the sCD8 antigen indicative of a lack of de novo synthesis. Throughout clinical progression to AIDS, sCD8 antigen levels continued to escalate relative to the numbers of CD8+ cells bearing CD38+ antigen. The data confirm the interrelationship between sCD8+ antigen and CD8+ and CD8+ CD38+ cells.
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PMID:Increases in soluble CD8 antigen in plasma, and CD8+ and CD8+CD38+ cells in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 infection. 161 15

The effect of vpu on the release of human immunodeficiency type 1 capsid proteins was examined in the presence or absence of virus-encoded envelope glycoproteins as well as in cells which constitutively express either the CD4 or CD8 protein. The results show that vpu-mediated facilitated export of capsid proteins from HeLa cells does not require expression of the envelope glycoprotein. The experiments also show that export of virus capsid proteins from HeLa cells facilitated by vpu is not affected by coexpression of either the CD4 or CD8 protein. The vpu protein acts in trans to facilitate export of virus capsid proteins from HeLa cells.
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PMID:Envelope glycoprotein and CD4 independence of vpu-facilitated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 capsid export. 162 67

Two interleukin 2 (IL-2)-independent feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) producer cell lines (FL-4 and FL-6) were produced by selecting cells from an IL-2-dependent culture of mixed peripheral blood lymphocytes infected with FIV. The new cell lines have been stable for over 1 year and spontaneously produce FIV with an average reverse transcriptase titer of 300,000 cpm/ml and an average sucrose gradient purified viral protein concentration of 1 mg/l. FIV produced from these cultures is highly infectious in vitro and in vivo. The FL-6 cell line was phenotyped as expressing the feline CD8 and Pan-T antigens, while the FL-4 cell line expressed the CD4, CD8, and Pan-T antigens. Both cell lines, however, express high levels of viral core and envelope proteins. Paraformaldehyde-inactivated whole virus and similarly inactivated whole-cell virus preparations induced a strong antibody response to core and envelope antigens in immunized cats. The establishment of FIV-producing feline IL-2-independent peripheral blood lymphocyte lines should be valuable for the development of FIV-diagnostic reagents and vaccines and also as a model for human acquired immunodeficiency syndrome vaccine development.
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PMID:Development of IL-2-independent feline lymphoid cell lines chronically infected with feline immunodeficiency virus: importance for diagnostic reagents and vaccines. 165 26

Cellular immunity is known to play a critical role in regulating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in the state of latent infection. Activity of EBV-specific cellular immunity decreases as the clinical stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection progress, and many complications are induced by reactivated EBV in the late stages of HIV infection. However, in asymptomatic HIV carriers, some show the reduced activity of cellular immunity against EBV, while others still show normal range of the activity even in the presence of abnormality in other immunological parameters. In order to assess early immunological abnormality against EBV in these patients, asymptomatic HIV carriers with normal range of EBV-specific cellular immunity were studied in comparison with that in EBV seropositive healthy controls. 1. All of 4 asymptomatic HIV carriers showed normal range of EBV-specific cellular immunity as seen in healthy controls. 2. Asymptomatic HIV carriers had significantly elevated serum antibody titers to EBV-specific nuclear antigen (EBNA)2, viral capsid antigen(VCA), early antigen(EA), indicative of serological reactivation of EBV. 3. The number and percentage of peripheral CD4 positive lymphocytes, CD4/CD8 ratios were markedly decreased in asymptomatic HIV carriers. 4. In the presence of immunosuppressive agents, 4-deoxy phorbol ester(4-DPE), drastic decrease of EBV-specific cellular immunity was observed in asymptomatic HIV carriers at the concentration which did not affect that of healthy controls. 5. Reduced activity of EBV-specific cellular immunity induced by 4-DPE had no relation with surface marker expression on cytotoxic T cells which serve as cell-to-cell adhesion molecules. Based on these results, it is suggested that there is latent dysfunction of EBV-specific cellular immunity in asymptomatic HIV carriers, who seems to show normal range of immunity in usual assays.
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PMID:[The latent dysfunction of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cellular immunity in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) carriers]. 166 17

We present a patient with haemophilia A showing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and factor VIII inhibitor in whom a novel T-cell subpopulation, double-negative (CD4-CD8-) T cells bearing T-cell receptor (TCR)-alpha beta, proliferated polyclonally in the peripheral blood. An interleukin-2-dependent T-cell line with a CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ phenotype was established from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of the patient, and its biological functions were studied. It was found that the CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells possessed both HLA-unrestricted cytotoxicity and helper function for immunoglobulin production by B cells. In addition, these T cells were found to produce interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 following activation via CD3-TCR complexes. These data demonstrating the multifunction of these newly defined CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells thus suggest that these cells play an important role in protection against HIV infection. The mechanism of production of factor VIII inhibitor in the present case is also discussed focusing on the CD4-CD8-TCR-alpha beta+ T cells.
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PMID:Proliferation of double-negative (CD4-CD8-) T cells bearing T-cell receptor-alpha beta in a haemophiliac with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and factor VIII inhibitor: functional properties of double-negative T-cell receptor-alpha beta+ T cells. 166 Nov 24


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