Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In the 6-year period 1984-1989, 101 liver biopsies or 'needle necropsies' from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients were examined histologically. Of these, only nine showed no abnormality whatsoever. The commonest histological findings were either fatty change or changes related to co-existent chronic viral hepatitis. Granulomas were seen in 15 cases, four of which were positive for acid-fast bacilli. A range of organisms were recorded: cytomegalovirus (4); Histoplasma capsulatum (1); Pneumocystis carinii (2); Cryptococcus neoformans (1); and Leishmania donovani (1). There were two cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but no cases of Kaposi's sarcoma. Marked iron deposition, which correlated with multiple blood transfusions was seen in nine biopsies. We were unable to identify any histological feature in the liver as being specific for HIV infection. The high incidence of liver abnormalities reflects: (i) the coincident exposure to hepatotropic viruses; (ii) the presence of opportunistic infections and neoplasms, usually part of a disseminated multi-organ process arising in the setting of profound immune depression; (iii) iatrogenic causes, in particular iron overload related to multiple blood transfusions received for treatment of zidovudine-induced anaemia; and (iv) non-specific changes associated with chronic debilitating disease.
 ...
PMID:Surgical pathology of the liver in HIV infection. 165 81

MDS is primarily a disease of the elderly. Cases who give a history of exposure to X-rays, cytotoxic drugs or leukaemogenic chemicals may be younger. Many cases of MDS present because of an incidental blood count. The most prominent clinical features are those of anaemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia. Because haemopoietic tissue is also dysfunctional the pathological effect is often greater than the figures would suggest, even leading to infection of bleeding with normal neutrophil or platelet counts. Occult abscesses are a particular feature. Despite documented abnormalities of the lymphoid system, neither infections characteristic of T-cell immunodeficiency nor autoimmunity is a problem. The proliferation of monocytes in CMML leads to organomegaly, leukaemia cutis, serous effusions and vasculitic lesions caused by the mishandling of circulating immune complexes. Cancer is no commoner than in age-matched controls, but coincident lymphoid tumours do occur. Many patients require long-term blood transfusion and will run into problems of iron overload unless precautions are taken.
 ...
PMID:Clinical features of MDS. 173 80

A survey conducted in rural southern African black subjects indicated that dietary iron overload remains a major health problem. A full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum concentrations of iron, total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, C-reactive protein (CRP), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and serological screening for hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections were carried out in 370 subjects (214 inpatients and 156 ambulatory Mozambican refugees). The fact that the geometric mean (SD range) serum ferritin concentration was much higher in the male hospital patients than in subjects living in the community [1,581 micrograms/l (421-5,944 micrograms/l) and 448 micrograms/l (103-1,945 micrograms/l) respectively] suggested that dietary iron overload was not the only factor raising the serum ferritin concentration. The major additional factor appeared to be inflammation, since the geometric mean (SD range) serum CRP was significantly higher in male hospital patients [21 mg/l (8-53 mg/l)] than in subjects in the community [3 mg/l (1-5 mg)]. Alcohol ingestion, as judged by history and by serum GGT concentrations, was also associated with significantly raised serum ferritin concentrations. This finding was ascribed to the fact that traditional brews are not only associated with alcohol-induced hepatic damage but are also a very rich source of highly bio-available iron. The role of iron overload in the genesis of the raised serum ferritin concentrations are confirmed in the diagnostic liver biopsy study. The majority of biopsies showed heavy siderosis, with varying degrees of hepatic damage.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
 ...
PMID:Dietary iron overload in southern African rural blacks. 197 6

Listeria monocytogenes bacteremia without meningitis has been reported in patients who have undergone long-term hemodialysis and have transfusional iron overload. On the other hand, cases of Listeria bacteremia without meningitis have occurred sporadically among the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome population, mostly homosexuals. There have been no reports of Listeria meningitis occurring among persons who are antibody positive to human immunodeficiency virus or are intravenous drug abusers having chronic renal failure and undergoing hemodialysis. This patient represents the first case of Listeria bacteremia and meningitis to occur in an intravenous drug abuser who is human immunodeficient antibody positive, is receiving hemodialysis, and has transfusional iron overload.
 ...
PMID:Listeria monocytogenes meningitis in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient undergoing hemodialysis. 229 86

Reactive oxygen species like hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been shown to serve as messengers in the induction of NF-kappa B and, hence, in the activation and replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in human cells. Several antioxidant compounds and iron chelators have been shown to interfere with both NF-kappa B and HIV-1 activation under oxidative stress. Because 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and its ethyl ester derivative (DHB-EE) are potent oral iron chelators, we started to investigate their effects on monocytes treated with increasing H2O2 concentrations. These two compounds exert important protective effects against the cytotoxic effect of H2O2 as 300 microM DHB or DHB-EE increased cell survival from 30 to 85%. The treatment of monocytes with increasing amounts of H2O2 (from 0 to 3 mM) leads to the nuclear induction of NF-kappa B which is dose dependently inhibited by both DHB and DHB-EE. Addition of ferric ions to DHB only partially restores the NF-kappa B induction by H2O2, while this effect is almost completely restored by ferric ion addition to DHB-EE. Using spin trapping coupled to electron spin resonance, we have demonstrated that DHB and, to a lesser extent, DHB-EE trapped hydroxyl radicals produced by H2O2 photolysis. These data demonstrate that small aromatic molecules harboring both iron-chelating and antioxidant properties like DHB and DHB-EE can effectively interfere with the deleterious effects of H2O2 in monocytes where iron overload can be observed in HIV-1-infected patients.
 ...
PMID:NF-kappa B transcription factor activation by hydrogen peroxide can be decreased by 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid and its ethyl ester derivative. 763 30

Infectious diseases remain among the most morbid events and are an important cause of death in ESRD. These events are related to an acquired immunodeficiency that progresses during the development of uremic retention, as part of the broader spectrum, displayed by the "uremic syndrome". A central role in the hose defense against bacterial infection is played by the phagocytic polymorphonuclear white blood cells, which are characterized by the capacity to ingest bacteria (phagocytosis), which is followed by the destruction of those bacteria (killing capacity). This article reviews the mechanisms of development and the potential causes that have been held responsible for this aspect of the defective immune function. The observed changes are attributed to alterations in receptor expression, although more convincing evidence points in the direction of metabolic functional disturbances, especially in the NAD(P)H-oxidase-dependent production of oxygen free radicals. The most important causative factors are: uremic toxicity, iron overload, renal anemia, dialyzer bioincompatibility, and the type of renal replacement therapy. It is concluded that the phagocytic defect in ESRD is multifactorial and that each factor should be managed by specific therapeutic approaches.
 ...
PMID:Infectious morbidity and defects of phagocytic function in end-stage renal disease: a review. 850 9

Both pulmonary tuberculosis and dietary iron overload are common conditions in sub-Saharan Africa. The incidence of tuberculosis has increased markedly over the last decade, primarily as a result of the rapid spread of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Dietary iron overload affects up to 10% of adults in rural populations and is characterized by heavy iron deposition both in parenchymal cells and in macrophages. Mycobacterium tuberculosis grows within macrophages and, at the same time, the antimicrobial function of macrophages is important in the body's defence against tuberculosis. In vitro, the loading of macrophages with iron reduces the response of these cells to activation by interferon-gamma and diminishes their toxicity against micro-organisms. In the clinical setting, dietary iron overload appears to increase the risk for death from tuberculosis even in the absence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The combination of dietary iron overload and infection with the HIV, with impaired function of both macrophages and T-cells, may make patients especially vulnerable to tuberculosis. It is possible that the prevention and treatment of dietary iron overload could contribute to the control of tuberculosis in African populations.
 ...
PMID:Tuberculosis and iron overload in Africa: a review. 963 Nov 2

Humans with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection present some evidence suggestive of iron accumulation. Ferritin concentrations increase with HIV disease progression, and iron accumulates in several tissues. Iron excess may exert negative effects in individuals with HIV. Indeed, iron accumulation seems to be associated with shorter survival, and a number of investigations point to an iron-mediated oxidative stress in subjects with HIV infection. The observations on humans infected with HIV are in part supported by in-vitro findings. Indeed, in-vitro HIV infection is associated with changes in iron metabolism, and an iron-mediated oxidative stress is likely to contribute to viral cytopathogenicity. Furthermore, it is interesting to point out that the interaction between iron and HIV may be reciprocal, since viruses with a life-cycle involving a DNA phase require chelatable iron for optimum replication. This combined evidence suggests that iron metabolism is an important area for virus/host interaction. These observations may be relevant to both laboratory monitoring and clinical treatment of individuals with HIV.
 ...
PMID:Iron metabolism and HIV infection: reciprocal interactions with potentially harmful consequences? 1058 15

Human peripheral blood CD8+ T cells comprise cells that are in different states of differentiation and under the control of complex homeostatic processes. In a number of situations ranging from chronic inflammatory conditions and infectious diseases to ageing, immunodeficiency, iron overload and heavy alcohol intake, major phenotypic changes, usually associated with an increase in CD8+ T cells lacking CD28 expression, take place. CD8+CD28- T cells are characterized by a low proliferative capacity to conventional stimulation in vitro and by morphological and functional features of activated/memory T cells. Although the nature of the signals that give origin to this T-cell subset is uncertain, growing evidence argues for the existence of an interplay between epithelial cells, molecules with the MHC-class I fold and CD8+ T cells. The possibility that the generation of CD8+CD28- T cells is the combination of TCR/CD3zeta- and regulatory factor-mediated signals as a result of the sensing of modifications of the internal environment is discussed.
 ...
PMID:CD8+CD28- T cells: certainties and uncertainties of a prevalent human T-cell subset. 1186 57

Recently, anemia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has received more attention as our understanding of the significance of anemia in this population has grown and more emphasis is placed on the quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS. Although the diagnosis and treatment of anemia in HIV disease has been discussed in great detail, the prevalence and pathophysiology of the two most common forms of anemia, iron deficiency anemia (IDA) and the anemia of chronic disease (ACD), have not received much attention despite the difficulty and importance of differentiating between these two anemias. In addition, little attention has been given to iron overload, which has serious implications in individuals with HIV disease. This article proposes a model of altered iron metabolism in HIV disease as a basis for explaining the pathophysiology and implications of IDA, ACD, and iron overload in this population. Implications for clinical practice and recommendations for future research are discussed.
 ...
PMID:Potential mechanisms for altered iron metabolism in human immunodeficiency virus disease. 1553 15


1 2 Next >>