Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Human parvovirus B19 (B19) has been described as a causative agent of chronic anemia in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients. We report an HIV-1 infected patient who had been receiving anti-retroviral therapy who showed sudden pancytopenia. Primary B19 infection was confirmed by the detection of plasma viremia and seroconversion. Although clearance required a prolonged period of time, the patient eventually cleared the B19 viral DNA from the plasma. More than likely, highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), including a protease inhibitor, played a role in clearing the virus.
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PMID:Acute parvovirus B19 infection during anti-retroviral therapy. 1145 1

Nucleic acid testing (NAT) holds the promise of closing the window of infectiousness for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the general blood supply. Pioneering work by the source plasma industry with NAT for hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and parvovirus B19 suggests that, in the future, the risk of other viral infections may be reduced using similar technology. The European Commission decree that, by July 1999, all source plasma for fractionation should be NAT nonreactive for HCV at a sensitivity of 100 viral IU/mL, has driven the implementation of NAT in the United States. It is estimated that more than 95% of the US blood supply is currently tested by one of two investigational tests for HCV and HIV, and many institutions restrict the release of red blood cell (RBC) and plasma products prior to the release of NAT results. NAT implementation has been hampered by a lack of fully automated, low-cost technologies; the absence of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved and validated clinical tests; and lagging turnaround times. Results from US investigational trials of the Procleix Transcription Mediated Amplification (TMA) HCV/HIV (Chiron Corp, Emeryville, CA) and the COBAS AmpliScreen (Roche Diagnostics, Indianapolis, IN) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays have begun to substantiate their value. While NAT assays will not replace serologic tests, they lay the groundwork for further reducing the already low risk of infection transmission through transfusion of blood components and their factor derivatives.
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PMID:Nucleic acid testing: update and applications. 1168 21

This review focuses on the role that human parvovirus B19 nonstructural (NS1) protein as a transactivator of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6 (IL-6), might play in triggering the multiparametric inflammatory outcomes of B19 infection. Parvovirus B19 is a ubiquitous virus, and it is often expressed during conditions of immunodepression including that induced by long-term chemotherapy, viral infection (HIV, HTLV-1), or genetic immunodeficiency disorders. Through NS1 expression, B19 may contribute to the immune dysregulation associated with these disorders, or serve as a cofactor in enhancing retroviral replication. Hence, NS1 transactivation of proinflammatory cytokine promoters such as IL-6 may be pivotal in triggering the various inflammatory and autoimmune disorders that have been linked to parvovirus B19 infections.
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PMID:Parvovirus B19 nonstructural (NS1) protein as a transactivator of interleukin-6 synthesis: common pathway in inflammatory sequelae of human parvovirus infections? 1199 89

Anemia is the most common hematologic manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The causes of HIV-related anemia are multifactorial and include direct and indirect effects of HIV infection. HIV-related anemia generally is due to reduced red blood cell (RBC) production, secondary to a variety of causes, but it may also involve nutritional deficiencies, increased RBC destruction, or a combination of these problems. Evaluation of hemoglobin level, reticulocyte count, bilirubin, and mean corpuscular volume value and review of the peripheral blood smear are necessary for diagnosis. Treatment of HIV-related anemia should address the correctable underlying causes of this disorder, such as modifications of offending medications, nutritional deficiencies, and parvovirus infection. Patients with HIV infection have a blunted erythropoietin response to anemia. Therapeutic modalities for anemia that is not amenable to correction include blood transfusion and recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin alfa).
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PMID:Biology of anemia, differential diagnosis, and treatment options in human immunodeficiency virus infection. 1223 53

Saliva is a body fluid containing antibodies of diagnostic significance. Unlike venipuncture, saliva collection (by brushing the teeth and rubbing the gums) is painless, non-invasive, inexpensive, simple and rapid. By using sensitive immunoassays in salivary specimens it is possible to diagnose immunoglobulins against a wide range of infectious diseases e.g. hepatitis A, B and C, measles, mumps, rubella, human immunodeficiency virus, Epstein-Barr virus, parvovirus B 19, human herpesvirus 6 and Helicobacter pylori infections. Salivary antibody testing may provide better access to epidemic outbreaks, children, large populations, hard-to-reach risk groups and may thus play a major role in the surveillance and control of infectious diseases. (Tab. 2, Ref. 34.)
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PMID:Detection of antibodies in saliva--an effective auxiliary method in surveillance of infectious diseases. 1206 Oct 87

Appropriate preconception health care improves pregnancy outcomes. When started at least one month before conception, folic acid supplements can prevent neural tube defects. Targeted genetic screening and counseling should be offered on the basis of age, ethnic background, or family history. Before conception, women should be screened for human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis infection and begin treatment to prevent the transmission of disease to the fetus. Immunizations against hepatitis B, rubella, and varicella should be completed, if needed. Women should be counseled on ways to prevent infection with toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, and parvovirus B19. Environmental toxins such as cigarette smoke, alcohol, and street drugs, and chemicals such as solvents and pesticides should be avoided. In women with diabetes, it is important to optimize disease control through intensive management before pregnancy. Medications for hypertension, epilepsy, thromboembolism, depression, and anxiety should be reviewed and changed, if necessary, before the patient becomes pregnant. Counseling about exercise, obesity, nutritional deficiencies, and the overuse of vitamins A and D is beneficial. Physicians may also choose to discuss occupational and financial issues related to pregnancy and to screen patients for domestic violence.
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PMID:Preconception health care. 1261 25

The virucidal spectrum of a high concentration alcohol mixture (80% ethanol and 5% isopropanol) was determined for a broad series of lipid-enveloped (LE) and non-lipid-enveloped (NLE) viruses covering all relevant blood-borne viruses. LE viruses were represented by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), a specific model virus for hepatitis C virus (HCV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and vaccinia virus. For the NLE viruses hepatitis A virus, canine parvovirus (a model for human parvovirus B19), and reovirus type 3 (Reo-3) were used. PRV, vaccinia, and Reo-3 served as general model viruses. The alcohol mixture was spiked with 5% (v/v) virus, mixed and tested for residual virus after 5 min treatment. Complete clearance (reduction by a factor of >10(6)) was observed for LE viruses, whereas incomplete to insignificant clearance (ranging from no reduction up to a maximum factor of 10(4)) was found for NLE viruses. In a second series of spiking experiments using the LE viruses BVDV, HIV, and PRV, complete clearance (reduction by a factor of >10(6)) was found after 20 s treatment. These data strongly suggest that treatment with a high concentration alcohol mixture has a high virucidal potential in particular for the blood-borne LE-viruses HIV, hepatitis B virus, and HCV. Such mixtures are well suited for rapid and frequent disinfection in dental practice being non-hazardous and non-toxic.
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PMID:The virucidal spectrum of a high concentration alcohol mixture. 1209 Jul 99

In the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. As an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. Model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor for the infectivity titres of at least 4 log(10) at a temperature of -30+/-5 degrees C. The following viruses were used: human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and poliovirus (PV-1), and the following model viruses: pseudorabies virus (PRV) as a model for human herpesviruses, bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) for HCV, and bovine parvovirus (BPV) for parvovirus B19. A first approach was to determine the D(10) values (kGy) for the different viruses (virus inactivation kinetics: BPV 7.3; PV-1 7.1; HIV-2 7.1; HAV 5.3; PRV 5.3; BVDV <3.0 kGy). Based on these results, inactivation of these viruses was studied in experimentally contaminated human bone transplants (femoral diaphyses). For BPV, the most resistant one of the viruses studied, a dose of approximately 34 kGy was necessary to achieve a reduction of infectivity titres of 4 log(10). We therefore recommend a dose of 34 kGy for the sterilisation of frozen bone transplants.
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PMID:Effect of gamma irradiation on human cortical bone transplants contaminated with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. 1212 14

Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) in children is usually a self-limiting disorder. It may follow a viral infection or immunization and is caused by an inappropriate response of the immune system. Many viruses, such as human immunodeficiency virus, cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), varicella, rubeola, mumps, and parvovirus, have been implicated in childhood ITP. This study is a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients diagnosed with virus-associated ITP at the Hacettepe University, Ihsan Dogramaci Children's Hospital from 1997 to end of 2000. In viral serological studies, the EBV, CMV, and rubella antibodies were investigated for all patients at diagnosis (ELlSA). The proportion of children whose ITP was associated with documented acute viral infection was 13.3% in this group. In the present study, clinical manifestations and laboratory data of virus-associated or not associated groups are similar except age. Median age of the virus-associated group is younger than that of the other, but it is not statistically significant.
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PMID:Virus-associated immune thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood. 1218 67

The purpose of this study was to do in situ viral detection in myocardial tissues of individuals who suffered sudden unexpected death and to correlate the results with the postmortem histopathologic findings. Thirteen cases were identified and the heart tissues were analyzed for adenovirus, cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus, herpes simplex virus 1 and 2, human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), influenza A, influenza B, parvovirus, rotavirus, picornavirus (including separate primers for enterovirus and Coxsackie virus A and B), varicella zoster virus, and respiratory syncytial virus. Thirteen individuals aged 2 to 67 years were studied. In each case, polymerase chain reaction-amplified viral RNA was detected in situ: Coxsackie virus B (5 cases), rotavirus (4 cases), HIV-1 (2 cases), influenza A (1 case), and influenza B (1 case). Immunohistochemical detection of viral proteins was found in the five Coxsackie virus cases and four rotavirus cases. The mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate was diffuse and marked only in the cases of influenza A and HIV-1, as well as one of the Coxsackie virus and rotavirus cases, respectively. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the most common cell type in the inflammatory infiltrates was CD68-positive macrophages. Direct myocyte infection was most prominent in the cases of Coxsackie virus infection. In summary, in situ viral detection was documented in each case of idiopathic myocarditis associated with sudden, unexpected death; in 6/13 cases, the myocarditis was focal and minimal. Although Coxsackie virus was, as expected, the most common virus noted, other viruses including rotavirus and HIV-1 were also observed, highlighting the need for comprehensive viral and histologic analyses in such cases.
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PMID:Histologic and in situ viral findings in the myocardium in cases of sudden, unexpected death. 1221 8


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