Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

PENICILLIN TOXICITY IN THE GUINEA PIG MAY BE MANIFESTED IN SEVERAL DIFFERENT WAYS, AND IT IS PROPOSED THAT THESE TOXIC EFFECTS BE CATEGORIZED INTO THREE SYNDROMES: (1) toxic syndrome, characterized by acute fatal illness; (2) hemorrhagic syndrome, characterized by delayed illness with leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, and culminating in massive visceral hemorrhages; (3) chronic syndrome, characterized by retardation of growth and alopecia, a condition somewhat resembling "runt disease." A virus having some of the properties of a parvovirus has been isolated repeatedly from animals ill or dying of penicillin-induced disease. This finding has been construed as being activation of a latent virus by this antibiotic, but the relationship, if any, of the phenomenon of viral activation to the syndromes produced by penicillin and its frequent lethal toxicity is unknown. That a strong association exists, however, has been established. Of some 60 guinea pigs which received injections of penicillin three developed tumors and four others were found to have gallstones. A virus similar or identical to the guinea pig virus also has been isolated from hamsters dying of penicillin-induced disease. It is hypothesized that the absorption of endotoxin, resulting from the well known change in intestinal flora caused by penicillin, produces a state of immunodeficiency which regularly gives rise to activation of a latent virus, and perhaps, rarely, to the development of malignant neoplasms.
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PMID:The association of viral activation with penicillin toxicity in guinea pigs and hamsters. 444 29

Chronic B19 parvovirus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is one cause of reversible anemia in this patient group. This report describes a case of concurrent HIV-1 and B19 parvovirus infection with pure red cell aplasia in which the anemia resolved with gammaglobulin treatment. When cultured in vitro with recombinant human stem cell factor, the red blood cell precursors from this patient demonstrated increases in both number and size, suggesting that simultaneous infection with B19 parvovirus and HIV-1 does not preclude a response to erythroid-acting growth factors. Although rare, persistent B19 parvovirus infection has become an increasingly recognized treatable cause of anemia in HIV-infected patients. Further in vitro and in vivo studies are required to determine whether cytokines such as stem cell factor have a consistent effect in these anemic states.
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PMID:In vitro erythroid effects of human stem cell factor in a case of human immunodeficiency virus-related chronic parvovirus B19 induced anemia. 768 13

Since some haemophiliacs manifest profound immunodeficiency with no evidence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) infection, we measured the circulating immune complex (CIC) level in sera obtained from haemophiliacs and addressed the question of whether viral infection is associated directly or indirectly with enhanced CIC production. While more than 90% of HIV-positive individuals had a high level of CIC, around 60% of seronegative ones also showed CIC levels comparable to those of seropositive patients. These sera activated fresh complement in vitro. The patients infected with either HIV or Hepatitis C virus (HCV) or both showed higher frequency and concentration of serum CIC than those free of either pathogens. It is worth noting, however, that 64% of patients with no evidence of infection with HIV or HCV produced significant amounts of CIC. Among the infectious viruses examined, parvovirus is considered as one of the pathogens associated with CIC synthesis, since all the haemophiliacs including the HIV-free patients who had been supplied with heated coagulation factors for several years from birth carried antibodies to parvovirus B19. Strikingly, 60% of the children in this category were positive for CIC, suggesting the possible contribution of parvovirus infection to CIC formation.
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PMID:Immunological abnormalities in HIV-free haemophiliacs. 770 43

Parvovirus B19 has been described as a cause of chronic anemia in immunosuppressed patients, including those infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study serological assays and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were used to establish the prevalence of both prior and active infection due to parvovirus B19 among a general population of 105 HIV-infected individuals (cohort I) and among 22 HIV-infected patients with anemia (cohort II). Eight individuals in cohort I (7.6%) had IgG antibodies to parvovirus B19, while none had B19-specific IgM antibodies. In cohort II, four patients (18.2%) had B19-specific IgG antibodies and none had IgM antibodies. Only one person in cohort I (0.95%) and one person in cohort II (4.5%) had evidence on PCR of persistent infection with parvovirus B19; both of these patients lacked IgG and IgM antibodies to parvovirus. Both individuals with B19 viremia were anemic and had CD4 lymphocyte counts suggesting advanced immunosuppression (< 50/mm3). The observed low prevalences of B19 seropositivity and active B19 infection differ from the rates documented in previous studies and indicate that infection with parvovirus B19 is uncommon in some groups of HIV-infected patients.
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PMID:Infection due to parvovirus B19 in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. 772 46

The sudden appearance of apparently new viruses with pathogenic potential is of fundamental importance in medical microbiology and a constant threat to humans and animals. The emergence of a "new" pathogen is not an isolated event, as for instance the frequent appearance of new influenza virus strains demonstrates. Often the new virus strains co-circulate with the older strains in a susceptible population, but a replacement of the older strains has been also observed. In rare instances the new viruses can cause dramatic epidemics or pandemics, such as those observed with the human immunodeficiency virus, canine parvovirus, or most recently, with the agent of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in the United Kingdom. The mechanisms of the emergence are not always clearly understood, but an altered host range appears to be a common event. Whether a true change in host range occurs, or whether the virus adapted to the host and replicated more efficiently, is often unknown. This review tries to summarize the facts that are known about a wide variety of "new" viruses of mammals, such as the simian, human and feline lentiviruses, the feline coronaviruses, the feline parvoviruses, the carnivore morbilliviruses, the influenza A viruses, and the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. A particular emphasis will be put on the genetic mechanisms that might have taken place and that might have been responsible for their sudden appearance.
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PMID:There is nothing permanent except change. The emergence of new virus diseases. 774 Jul 50

Some viruses are unquestionably the cause of vasculitis, by different mechanisms: circulating immune complexes, cryoglobulinemia and/or direct infection of the blood vessel. The main viruses responsible for vasculitis are hepatitis B & C viruses, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus B19 and human immunodeficiency virus. Viral vasculitis are clinically protean, most of the time similar to idiopathic vasculitis. The manifestations due to the virus itself are sometimes hidden and vasculitis may reveal the viral infection. In some cases of viral vasculitis, particularly in hepatitis virus-induced vasculitis, antiviral therapy may help in controlling the disease. A viral etiology must be considered during atypical vasculitis.
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PMID:[Vasculitis of viral origin. Pathogenesis and therapeutic implications]. 774 53

Important factors to assure the safety of plasma-derived products manufactured on an industrial scale are initial screening of the source material and validation of the manufacturing process in accordance with issued EEC guidelines and US [Points to Consider'. Pharmacia's manufacturing process for immunoglobulins contains a specific virucidal step, in which lipid-enveloped viruses are effectively inactivated with a solvent/detergent (SD) combination consisting of 0.3% tri(n-butyl)phosphate and 1% Tween 80. Results from virus validation studies of scaled-down versions of Pharmacia's manufacturing process for immunoglobulins demonstrated extensive removal of relevant and model viruses. More than 5.0 logs of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were inactivated in the SD step and, in total, more than 31 logs of HIV-1 were eliminated in the steps studied. Comparison between SD treatment and heating at 60 degrees C of lipid-enveloped viruses in different protein solutions demonstrated that SD treatment is the superior procedure. Polio virus is a model often used in virus validation studies to predict effects on non-enveloped viruses. Because polio virus is more sensitive to heat than are hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human parvovirus B19, thermal inactivation studies with polio virus may result in an overestimation of the effects on HAV and B19.
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PMID:Virus validation of plasma-derived products produced by Pharmacia, with particular reference to immunoglobulins. 774 47

The selection of blood donors and the introduction of tests identifying virus-infected donors has led to a permanent increase in the safety of blood transfusion. In most European countries, there is a low risk of infection from viruses such as hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. Examples of viruses that pose a risk to children but not adults following transfusion-transmitted infection are parvovirus B19 and cytomegalovirus. Other viruses may be transmitted in the blood but, because of their low pathogenicity and high prevalence, they are not relevant for transfusion. Further work is required to determine the relevance of hepatitis A virus as a blood-borne viral infection. Human T-cell leukaemia virus is seldom transmitted during transfusion but may be an important risk factor in the future in some countries.
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PMID:Blood-borne viral infections. 774 48

Information on congenital infection is continuously expanding. New diagnostic techniques are making significant contributions to the prenatal diagnosis of several fetal infections. In this review we highlight some of the most recent advances in the diagnosis and management of the most common fetal infections, those caused by cytomegalovirus, human immunodeficiency virus 1, Toxoplasma, varicella-zoster virus, and parvovirus B19.
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PMID:Management strategies for congenital infections. 779 74

We have validated the use of two new regenerated multilayered structured cellulose membranes (BMM), Planova 15 N and Planova 35 N, with respective mean pore sizes of 15 and 35 nm, as a new filtration system to eliminate viruses in highly purified factor IX and factor XI concentrates. Virus spiking experiments indicated that single dead-end filtration on the membranes could remove more than 5.7-7.8 log10 of human immunodeficiency virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus, porcine pseudorabies virus, reovirus type 3, and simian virus 40, as well as the small non-enveloped viruses, poliovirus Sabin type 1 and bovine parvovirus. In vitro control tests and animal studies (Wessler stasis model, rat hypotension model) of the two concentrates did not reveal any significant differences with the non-nanofiltered material. Viral filtration of plasma derivatives on porous polymeric membranes might be an essential step in the improvement of their viral safety.
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PMID:Nanofiltration, a new specific virus elimination method applied to high-purity factor IX and factor XI concentrates. 780 1


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