Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The number of patients admitted to Muhimbili Medical Center, Tanzania, with pericardial effusions rose after the epidemic of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) began. To investigate a possible relation all patients with suspected pericardial disease admitted between October 1, 1987 and March 31, 1989, were studied. 28 of 42 patients (67%) were seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). 28 of 39 patients (72%) with pericardial effusion were HIV-seropositive compared with 0 of 3 without effusion. More HIV-seronegative than HIV-seropositive patients were receiving anti-tuberculous chemotherapy and had ascites at enrollment. Only 5 of 28 HIV-seropositive patients had clinical signs of AIDS. 9 of 14 HIV-seropositive patients tested had positive Mantoux tests. There were no significant differences between the HIV-seropositive and seronegative groups in the duration of symptoms, laboratory results, X-ray or ultrasound findings, frequency of tamponade, or mortality. 38 patients were treated for tuberculosis. Pericardial effusion is strongly associated with, and an early manifestation of, HIV infection in Tanzania. (Author's).
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PMID:Pericardial disease and human immunodeficiency virus in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. 197 20

A wide variety of organisms and conditions have been reported to cause pericarditis in patients that present and die with AIDS. Although pericarditis is remarkably common in patients dying of AIDS, no consistent pattern of cause emerges. Patients with AIDS are susceptible to pericarditis as a concomitant of the terminal condition, but it seldom contributes to the patient's death. Alternatively, pericarditis (as opposed to silent pericardial effusion) as a cardinal symptom in a patient's illness is likely to have an origin that can be ascribed to organisms typically associated with infectious pericarditis in those patients who have profound cellular immunodeficiency. Thus, it is important to make the diagnosis of infectious or neoplastic pericarditis in the setting of AIDS, since control of the agent has the potential of influencing the clinical course. In the absence of signs of hemodynamic compromise or inflammation, pericardial effusion may be accepted as an accompaniment of pleural effusions or ascites in the appropriate clinical context. Invasive diagnostic measures may be reserved for those cases in which pericardial disease is a prominent feature of the symptom complex or of accompanying pleural effusion. The study of epidemiology and biology of AIDS is a rapidly changing field. Explanations of the high incidence of pericardial disease in terminal disease may emerge with broad-ranging studies of the incidence of myocarditis in AIDS as well as the relative contribution to pericardial disease of agents used in the treatment of the illness.
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PMID:Pericarditis in AIDS. 224 23

Pericarditis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, but is sometimes overlooked because of signs and symptoms of other organ system diseases. A case report of cardiac tamponade in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is presented. To determine the incidence and causes of pericardial disease in patients with HIV infection, a review of the literature was conducted. Fifteen autopsy and echocardiographic series involving 1139 patients with HIV infection reveal that the average incidence of pericardial disease is 21%. Most cases are asymptomatic and without an identifiable cause. However, in those that are symptomatic, about two thirds are caused by infection or neoplasm; one third have an undetermined etiology. In the 66 published cases of cardiac tamponade in patients with HIV infection, 26% are caused by tuberculosis, 17% are purulent, and 8% are caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI). Lymphoma and Kaposi's sarcoma are each responsible for 5% of the effusions. Less frequent causes of tamponade are Cryptococcus neoformans, cytomegalovirus, and Mycobacterium kansasii. Small asymptomatic pericardial effusions in patients with HIV infection do not require diagnostic evaluation. However, large symptomatic pericardial effusions should be investigated, because two thirds are caused by potentially treatable infections or neoplasms.
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PMID:Cardiac tamponade in a patient with AIDS: a review of pericardial disease in patients with HIV infection. 945 82

Tuberculosis (TB) is one cause of pericardial disease. In order to know the incidence of tuberculous pericardial effusion (TPE) in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (PT), the factors associated with their presence and whether human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients have a higher risk, we analyzed different parameters and performed an echocardiography to evaluate the presence of TPE. The incidence of TPE was 14.1%, and the presence of pleural effusion was associated with TPE (OR 24.39). HIV patients do not have a higher risk of TPE, independently of immunosuppression. It is necessary to eliminate the presence of TPE in patients with PT, mainly in those with pleural effusion.
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PMID:Incidence of pericardial effusion in pulmonary tuberculosis. 1114 61

Recent advances in the knowledge of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication and transmission as well as the emergence of effective antiretroviral therapies are leading to longer survival times for HIV-infected individuals. As a result, organ related manifestations of late stage HIV infection, including HIV-related heart diseases have emerged. It is now clear that cardiac involvement in HIV seropositive patients is relatively common and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Cardiac involvement in HIV infection is multifactorial. The epidemiology has changed dramatically since the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), but studies carried out before the introduction of HAART remain relevant because of limited access to this treatment in many areas of the world. A variety of cardiac lesions have been reported in HIV infection and AIDS, including pericardial disease with effusion and tamponade, nonspecific or infectious myocarditis, dilated cardiomyopathy with global left ventricular dysfunction, endocardial valvular disease due to marantic or infective endocarditis, arrhythmias, pulmonary hypertension and neoplastic invasion. In the post HAART-era, coronary artery disease and dyslipidaemia, drug related cardiotoxicity and cardiac autonomic dysfunction are becoming increasingly prevalent. In this review, we highlight the importance of cardiac complications in HIV disease and discuss measures that can be taken to improve survival.
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PMID:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) related heart disease: a review. 1577 20

From a global perspective, cardiovascular disease (CVD) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may result from cardiac involvement upon presentation of opportunistic infections in the presence of advanced immunosuppression, be a consequence of HIV-induced immune activation or derive from antiretroviral therapy-associated dyslipidaemia and insulin resistance. Indeed, in developed countries with unlimited access to antiretroviral therapy CVD has become one of the major causes of death in HIV. Therefore, cardiovascular risk reduction and lifestyle modifications are essential and careful selection of the antiretroviral drugs according to underlying cardiovascular risk factors of great importance. In developing countries with delayed roll-out of antiretroviral therapy pericardial disease (often related to TB), HIV-associated cardiomyopathy, and HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension are the most common cardiac manifestations in HIV. In Africa, the epicentre of the HIV epidemic, dynamic socio-economic and lifestyle factors characteristic of epidemiological transition appear to have positioned the urban African community at the cross-roads between historically prevalent and 'new' forms of CVD, such as coronary artery disease. In this context, cardiovascular risk assessment of HIV-infected patients will become a critical element of care in developing countries similar to the developed world, and access to antiretroviral therapy with little or no impact on lipid and glucose metabolism of importance to reduce CVD in HIV.
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PMID:HIV and the heart: the impact of antiretroviral therapy: a global perspective. 2412 82

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in the United States and other countries. Cardiac involvement in AIDS, which was previously felt to be an unusual manifestation of the disease, is now being described with increasing frequency. Clinical and necropsy studies have demonstrated myocarditis, myocardial necrosis, cardiomyopathy, pericardial disease, endocarditis, pulmonary hypertension, and tumor infiltration in patients dying with AIDS. A direct role for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) in the development of myocarditis, myocardopathy, and pericardial disease has not yet been elucidated. Recent immunopathological evidence suggests a possible role for immune-mediated myocardial inflammatory changes. The drugs used to treat HIV-1 have not been shown to be cardiotoxic; however, there are suggestions that azidothymidine (AZT) can cause mitochondrial changes in myocardial muscle. There are also suggestions that the cardiac complications of AIDS are different in patients whose risk factor for HIV infection is homosexual practice compared with patients having intravenous drug addiction as their major risk factor for HIV disease. Risk factors for myocardial disease, other than HIV, may also be contributors to cardiac complications in patients with AIDS who are intravenous drug abusers.
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PMID:AIDS and the heart: Clinicopathologic assessment. 2585 Oct 5

The human immunodeficiency virus epidemic is a major health challenge of the twenty-first century as the transition from infectious complications to noncommunicable disease becomes more evident. These patients may present to the emergency department with a variety of cardiovascular diseases, such as acute coronary syndromes, heart failure, pericardial disease, infective endocarditis, venothromboembolism, and other conditions. Increased awareness is needed among health care professionals to enhance adequate identification and promote prompt management of these patients.
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PMID:A New Face of Cardiac Emergencies: Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Cardiac Disease. 2917 76

In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) is rising disproportionately in comparison to the rest of the world, affecting urban, semi-urban and rural dwellers alike. NCDs are predicted to surpass infections like human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis and malaria as the leading cause of mortality in SSA over the next decade. Heart failure (HF) is the dominant form of cardiovascular disease (CVD), and a leading cause of NCD in SSA. The main causes of HF in SSA are hypertension, cardiomyopathies, rheumatic heart disease, pericardial disease, and to a lesser extent, coronary heart disease. Of these, the cardiomyopathies deserve greater attention because of the relatively poor understanding of mechanisms of disease, poor outcomes and the disproportionate impact they have on young, economically active individuals. Morphofunctionally, cardiomyopathies are classified as dilated, hypertrophic, restrictive and arrhythmogenic; regardless of classification, at least half of these are inherited forms of CVD. In this review, we summarise all studies that have investigated the incidence of cardiomyopathy across Africa, with a focus on the inherited cardiomyopathies. We also review data on the molecular genetic underpinnings of cardiomyopathy in Africa, where there is a striking lack of studies reporting on the genetics of cardiomyopathy. We highlight the impact that genetic testing, through candidate gene screening, association studies and next generation sequencing technologies such as whole exome sequencing and targeted resequencing has had on the understanding of cardiomyopathy in Africa. Finally, we emphasise the need for future studies to fill large gaps in our knowledge in relation to the genetics of inherited cardiomyopathies in Africa.
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PMID:Genetics of inherited cardiomyopathies in Africa. 3242 Jan 9