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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Pulmonary immunity has not been studied in children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or tuberculosis (TB), even though lungs of both children and adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) or Mycobacterium tuberculosis are affected frequently and severely. In the present studies, the distributions of T (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+) and B (CD19+) lymphocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and blood of children with AIDS (N = 28) and children with pulmonary TB (N = 18) were determined using direct immunofluorescence (flow microfluorimetry). The distributions of lymphocyte subsets in BALF differed dramatically from those in blood. In pediatric AIDS, reduction of CD4/CD8 ratio was much more pronounced in BALF than in peripheral blood (0.15 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.43 +/- 0.11). This difference was due to selective depletion of BALF CD4+ lymphocytes, rather than to a great influx of CD8+ cells into the lung. In childhood TB, the CD4/CD8 ratio in BALF also was significantly decreased, despite its elevation in blood (1.02 +/- 0.26 vs. 1.96 +/- 0.32). The results show that (1) examination of peripheral blood lymphocytes does not reflect the kind and extent of changes observed in the distribution of pulmonary lymphocyte subsets, and (2) the profound decrease of the CD4/CD8 ratios in BALF of children with AIDS or TB is due to decreased percentages and absolute numbers of BALF CD4+ lymphocytes. The data suggest that analysis of BALF provides a more accurate evaluation of the patient pulmonary immune status than monitoring peripheral blood.
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PMID:Different distributions of lung and blood lymphocyte subsets in pediatric AIDS or tuberculosis. 128 Sep 36

Maternal-to-infant transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) has been demonstrated in the rhesus macaque following experimental infection of pregnant rhesus monkeys, either parenterally or by inoculation of virus into the amniotic fluid. Virus infection occurred in 3 of 12 (25%) rhesus infants born to mothers with SIV infection induced by parenteral inoculation of virus during gestation. However, these infants did not become seropositive or virus positive until they were 9-15 months old, suggesting that virus infection most likely occurred as the result of breast feeding. Infection has also been demonstrated in one rhesus infant following virus inoculation into the amniotic fluid during late gestation. These observations support the increasing evidence that intrapartum or postpartum infection may be important mechanisms for the maternal-infant transmission of HIV. The SIV-infected macaque should prove to be a useful model to evaluate the timing and mechanisms of lentivirus infection in infants, to determine maternal factors associated with transmission to the fetus or infant, and to evaluate therapeutic regimens for the prevention or treatment of pediatric AIDS.
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PMID:The simian immunodeficiency virus infected macaque: a model for pediatric AIDS. 148 Apr 4

Data were collected prospectively from 116 children younger than 2 years old who were seen at the Duke Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Unit for known human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity. Forty-six (40%) of these children were human immunodeficiency virus-infected and 70 were not infected. Using 3-month blocks, 10th, 50th and 90th percentiles were calculated for the CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts, percentage of lymphocytes positive for CD4 and CD8 and T4:T8 ratios. Results from the infected and uninfected children were compared. By 3 to 6 months of age the infected patients had significantly lower CD4+ counts, percentage CD4+ cells and T4:T8 ratios, whereas the percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes was significantly higher. Absolute CD8+ counts were approximately the same in infected and uninfected children through age 2 years. Most infected children had one or more abnormal lymphocyte subset results (less than the 10th percentile for uninfected patients) by age 2: 83% had an abnormal CD4+ percentage; 78% had an abnormal T4:T8 ratio; and 67% had an abnormal CD4+ count. All 13 children who had an opportunistic infection (at any age) had an abnormal CD4+ percentage before age 2 years, and 12 of 13 had a low absolute CD4+ count or T4:T8 ratio. Among patients who died 10 of 11 had 1 or more low CD4+ count, 9 of 11 had an abnormal CD4+ percentage and 8 of 11 an abnormal T4/T8 ratio.
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PMID:Lymphocyte subsets in children younger than 2 years old: normal values in a population at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection and diagnostic and prognostic application to infected children. 152 75

Pediatric AIDS is increasing in frequency due to a rise in the number of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected women of childbearing age. Because outcome studies reveal that most children infected peripartum manifest HIV-1-related disease in the first year of life, intrauterine infection has been suspected. Fetal tissues from 23 second-trimester abortuses were examined. The presence of HIV-1 nucleic acid sequences was determined by the polymerase chain reaction and used to define infection of the fetus. By analysis of available tissues, 7 of 23 fetuses were infected, while control fetal tissue was negative. In situ hybridization for HIV-1 DNA showed that only 1 of 8 infected abortuses was positive, while all samples of noninfected tissues revealed no HIV-1 DNA. These studies indicate that maternofetal transmission of HIV-1 may occur in 30% of pregnancies (7/23) by the end of the second trimester.
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PMID:Maternofetal transmission of AIDS: frequency of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleic acid sequences in human fetal DNA. 152 5

We report the first case of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in a 9-year-old girl. The pathologic diagnosis was made on a partial hepatectomy specimen and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. No human immunodeficiency virus-related nucleic acid was identified in tumor cells by in situ hybridization. Review of the AIDS-related literature reveals a rising incidence of tumors of smooth muscle origin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. This case study details the eighth pediatric AIDS patient with a tumor of smooth muscle origin and represents the 20th and the youngest patient with primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma to be reported in the world literature.
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PMID:Primary hepatic leiomyosarcoma in a child with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 154 73

The Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has involved the pediatric age group and is especially prevalent in babies born of mothers who are intravenous drug abusers or prostitutes. Approximately 30% of children born to mothers who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) will develop HIV infection. There are several important differences in children and adults with AIDS. The incubation period of the disease is shorter, and initial clinical manifestations occur earlier in children. In addition, certain infections are more common in children, and the different types of malignancy, especially Kaposi's sarcoma, are unusual in the pediatric age group. The altered immune system involves both T cells and humoral immunity and increases susceptibility to a variety of infections, particularly opportunistic organisms. In this publication the complications of pediatric AIDS involving the lungs, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary system, and neurological system are described. The most common pulmonary complications in our experience are Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and pulmonary lymphoid hyperplasia. The spectrum of cardiovascular involvement in pediatric AIDS includes myocarditis, pericarditis, and infectious endocarditis. Gastrointestinal tract involvement is usually due to opportunistic organisms that produce esophagitis, gastritis, and colitis. Abdominal lymphadenopathy is a common finding either due to disseminating Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection or nonspecific lymphadenopathy. Although cholangitis is more commonly seen in adults, it may occur in children with AIDS and, in most cases, is due to related opportunistic infections. Genitourinary infections may be the first evidence of HIV disease. Cystitis, pyelonephritis, renal abscesses, and nephropathy with renal insufficiency are complications of pediatric AIDS. A variety of neurological abnormalities may occur in pediatric AIDS. The most common cause of neurological dysfunction in children with AIDS is HIV neuropathy. We present the many complications of AIDS in children demonstrated by a variety of imaging modalities, emphasizing the importance of diagnostic imaging in children with this disease.
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PMID:Radiology of AIDS in the pediatric patient. 157 31

We have investigated the susceptibility of cord blood monocyte-derived macrophages to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in vitro. Cord blood monocytes were maintained in vitro for 10 to 15 days and then infected with HIV-1. Syncytia were observed 14 days after infection by light microscopy. Viral proteins were detected by immunofluorescence assay. Electron microscopic examination demonstrated typical lentivirus particles within cytoplasmic vacuoles. The supernatants from the HIV-1-infected cultures also contained significant reverse transcriptase activity and p24 antigen. Like adult monocyte/macrophages, cord-derived monocyte/macrophages expressed the CD4 receptor molecule. Pretreatment with blocking antibody prior to infection with HIV-1 Bal significantly reduced or blocked infection of cord monocyte/macrophages. When cord and adult monocyte/macrophages were infected with HIV-1 Bal or Ada-M and directly compared, higher reverse transcriptase activities and p24 antigen expression were obtained with cord monocyte/macrophages. However, no significant difference was found between adult and cord monocyte/macrophages infected with HIV-1 IIIB. These observations suggest that cord monocyte-derived macrophages may be important in the pathogenesis of pediatric AIDS and that the increased susceptibility of cord monocyte/macrophages to HIV-1 infection in vitro may be relevant to the enhanced susceptibility of neonates to HIV-1 diseases in vivo.
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PMID:Infection of cord blood monocyte-derived macrophages with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. 172

We measured kappa/lambda light chain ratios of Ig and IgG in 41 serum and 34 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from 47 patients at different clinical stages of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and in serum and CSF samples from control subjects. Both ratios were more elevated in HIV-1 seropositive subjects than controls. The elevation was more evident in samples from asymptomatic seropositive patients (ASP) than those from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In addition, there was a statistically significant elevation of Ig kappa/lambda ratios in ASP CSF compared to serum. We also delineated the light chain composition of oligoclonal IgG bands (OCB) by isoelectric focusing followed by immunofixation in CSF and serum samples from selected ASP and patients with AIDS who had neurological involvement. Five of six AIDS and all seven ASP samples had IgG OCB exclusively or predominantly of the kappa type. Four IgG OCB of the lambda type and one free lambda chain band were seen in CSF from a pediatric AIDS patient. The presence of an abnormally elevated kappa/lambda ratio correlated with the presence of IgG kappa OCB (p less than 0.02). We conclude that HIV-1 infection is associated with a kappa light chain predominance and with OCB mainly composed of kappa light chains.
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PMID:Kappa light chain predominance in serum and cerebrospinal fluid from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients. 190 2

Children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) may present with recurrent pneumonias or chronic debilitating illness. The chest radiographs of these patients demonstrate homogeneous densities representing staphylococcal or other pyogenic infections. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia produces a diffuse, symmetric, fine-to-medium, reticulonodular pattern. Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis, a disease that is now an index diagnosis of AIDS in children under 13, may appear as a chronic, diffuse, small nodular infiltrate. An increasing number of pediatric AIDS patients will be observed in the future because of the large number of human immunodeficiency virus-infected women who are of childbearing age.
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PMID:Pulmonary disease in children with AIDS. 194 1

A wide variety of clinical expressions of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has been apparent from the earliest case reports in adult patients and pediatric patients. Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and AIDS in children are associated with an increased prevalence of several dermatologic manifestations. In this article we present a review of the recent literature describing the cutaneous manifestations of pediatric AIDS. The cutaneous manifestations of AIDS in children can be divided into three categories: (1) neoplastic manifestations; (2) viral, bacterial and fungal manifestations, and (3) vascular lesions and other manifestations. Pediatricians as well as dermatologists may be the first physicians to recognize and to treat the clinical manifestations of AIDS.
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PMID:Dermatologic manifestations of AIDS in children. 194 86


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