Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

CDC developed the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS) to monitor six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth--behaviors that contribute to unintentional injuries and violence; tobacco use; alcohol and other drug use; sexual behaviors that contribute to unintended pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection; unhealthy dietary behaviors; and physical inactivity--plus overweight. These risk behaviors contribute markedly to the leading causes of death, disability, and social problems among youth and adults in the United States. YRBSS includes a national school-based survey conducted by CDC as well as state, territorial, and local school-based surveys conducted by education and health agencies. In these surveys, conducted biennially since 1991, representative samples of students in grades 9--12 are drawn. In 2003, a total of 15,214 students completed the national survey, and 32 states and 20 school districts also obtained data representative of their jurisdiction. Although multiple publications have described certain methodologic features of YRBSS, no report has included a comprehensive description of the system and its methodology. This report describes the background and rationale for YRBSS and includes a detailed description of the methodologic features of the system, including its questionnaire; operational procedures; sampling, weighting, and response rates; data-collection protocols; data-processing procedures; reports and publications; and data quality. YRBSS is evolving to meet the needs of CDC and other users of the data.
 ...
PMID:Methodology of the youth risk behavior surveillance system. 1538 15

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is transmitted by injection drug use and associated with psychiatric conditions. Patients with drug use or significant psychiatric illness have typically been excluded from HCV treatment trials noting the 1997 National Institutes of Health Consensus Statement on HCV that indicated active drug use and major depressive illness were contraindications to treatment of HCV infection. However, the 2002 NIH Consensus Statement recognized that these patients could be effectively treated for HCV infection and recommended that treatment be considered on a case-by-case basis. Treating HCV infection in these patients is challenging, with drug use relapse possibly leading to psychosocial instability, poor adherence, and HCV reinfection. Interferon therapy may exacerbate preexisting psychiatric symptoms. Co-occurring human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis B virus provide additional challenges, and access to ancillary medical and psychiatric services may be limited. Patients with co-occurring HCV infection, substance use, and psychiatric illness can complete interferon treatment with careful monitoring and aggressive intervention. Clinicians must integrate early interventions for psychiatric conditions and drug use into their treatment algorithm. Few programs or treatment models are designed to manage co-occurring substance use, psychiatric illness, and HCV infection and therapy. The National Institute on Drug Abuse convened a panel of experts to address the current status and the long-range needs through a 2-day workshop, Co-occurring Hepatitis C, Substance Abuse, and Psychiatric Illness: Addressing the Issues and Developing Integrated Models of Care. This conference report summarizes current data, medical management issues, and strategies discussed.
 ...
PMID:Co-occurring Hepatitis C, substance use, and psychiatric illness: treatment issues and developing integrated models of care. 1546 51

Recovery from substance use is a vital concern for many women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). This qualitative study explores the meaning of women's HIV infection for their transition from drug use to recovery. Interviews were conducted with 15 female clients of a drug treatment program and AIDS nursing home in New York City. For most participants, HIV did not constitute the main reason for starting their recovery. The dual diagnosis program, however, facilitates an important transformation of the meaning of HIV/AIDS. Previously viewed as just another reason to use drugs, women now increasingly perceive their HIV infection as an incentive to stay clean and sober.
 ...
PMID:Transforming the meaning of HIV/AIDS in recovery from substance use: a qualitative study of HIV-positive women in New York. 1601 98

Club drug use is common among populations with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and populations at high risk for HIV infection. Club drugs have a myriad of acute and chronic medical consequences. Club drug-related visits to the emergency department and admissions for treatment of substance use have increased dramatically over the past 15 years. Most epidemiological data support the role of club drugs in increasing sexual risk behavior, with some studies demonstrating an independent association between use of certain club drugs and HIV infection. The direct influence of club drugs on progression of HIV disease remains to be determined; however, club drugs may interact with certain retroviral medications and have been associated with decreased adherence to medication. Clinicians should ask all patients about patterns of club drug use, counsel patients about the risks associated with club drug use, and refer patients to appropriate behavioral treatment programs for substance use when clinically indicated.
 ...
PMID:Club drugs and HIV infection: a review. 1661 61

We explore the links between substance use, misuse, addiction, and dependency1 and sexuality, sexually transmitted diseases (STD), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) to increase our awareness of their interdependence and to identify new ways to perceive, judge, and intervene (or not to) with associated problems. We consider the sociocultural and economic context in which these behaviors occur; the impact these behaviors have on one another; the personal opinions and attitudes; the religious, moral, or political beliefs and agendas; the physiological and fiscal constraints; and theories of rational decision-making and psychological motivation that act to increase or reduce the incidence of these behaviors and their sequellae, while hindering or facilitating prevention, harm reduction, and treatment interventions. Mechanisms of epidemic spread of STDS/HIV/AIDS are presented in the Appendix. Each of these terms are loaded "container concepts" that are culture-bound and stakeholder-driven and whose dimensions are less than consensus-based. They represent a range of meanings, uses, and misuses in an ongoing politicalized area of human and systemic functioning and adaptations.
 ...
PMID:Addiction and sexually transmitted disease (STD), human immunodeficiency virus, (HIV), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): their mutual interactions. 1700 86

The liver disease characteristic of alcohol dependence encompasses three main related entities: steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, and cirrhosis. Alcoholic cirrhosis is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. Alcohol intake among injecting drug users is a major contributor to transmission of viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C viruses (HCV). HIV and HCV coinfected patients develop liver diseases earlier and more severely than the monoinfected individuals, including hepatocellular carcinoma. Interactions exist between the therapeutic drugs used to minimize and control the drug and alcohol dependence. Furthermore, drug-drug interactions occur between the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and alcohol, different HAART components and methadone, or each one of the therapies with the other, thus contributing to a higher toxicity level. With the evolution of effective antiretroviral therapy, survival of persons with HIV, and the syndrome it causes, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has increased dramatically. Drug-drug interactions may appear between alcohol and anti-HBV or anti-HCV, therapy in the presence or absence of anti-HIV therapy. Several other medical-, social-, and drug-related factors of this population have to be considered when providing HAART. Because many coinfected patients also have problems with substance use, dealing with their drug dependence is an important first step in an attempt to improve adherence to and tolerance of antiviral therapy. It is necessary to minimize the risk of liver disease acceleration and/or reinfection with hepatitis viruses. Knowledge of potential drug interactions between methadone, antiretroviral therapy, psychoactive drugs, and antipsychotics and the role of coinfection with HBV or HCV and the drugs used in eradicating viral hepatitis permits suitable antiretroviral combinations.
 ...
PMID:Drug interactions between psychoactive substances and antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency and hepatitis viruses. 1700 89

Drug and alcohol use complicate both the prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Substance use is one of the major engines driving HIV transmission, directly, through the sharing of injection drug use equipment and indirectly, through increasing risky sexual behaviors. Drug and alcohol dependence compromise effective HIV treatment by influencing both access and adherence to antiretroviral therapy. Exposure to addictive substances may have direct immunosuppressive effects independent of their impact on access and adherence to treatment. Measures effective at minimizing HIV transmission attributable to drug and alcohol use include HIV testing and referral to treatment, syringe and needle exchange programs, opioid replacement therapy (i.e., methadone and buprenorphine), and behavioral interventions targeting HIV risk behaviors among both HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected people. Measures effective at optimizing HIV treatment among alcohol and drug-dependent patients include HIV testing with referral to treatment and substance use treatment that is linked to or integrated into HIV treatment. Due to the intertwining problems of substance use and HIV infection, physicians and other health care providers must address the issues of illicit drugs and alcohol use as mainstream medical problems in order to provide optimal care for HIV-infected patients.
 ...
PMID:Illicit drugs, alcohol, and addiction in human immunodeficiency virus. 1762 83

The National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network conducted this study to determine the availability of and factors associated with infection-related health services in substance abuse treatment settings. In a cross-sectional descriptive design, state policies, reimbursement for providers, state level of priority, and treatment program characteristics were studied via written surveys of administrators of substance abuse treatment programs and of state health and substance abuse departments. Data from health departments and substance abuse agencies of 48 states and from 269 substance abuse treatment programs revealed that human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related services are more frequent than hepatitis C virus or sexually transmitted infection-related services, and that nonmedical services are more frequent than medical services. While the availability of infection-related health services is associated with medical staffing patterns, addiction pharmacotherapy services, and state priorities, reimbursement was the most significant determining factor. These findings suggest that greater funding of these health services in substance abuse treatment settings, facilitated by supportive state policies, represents an effective response to the excess morbidity and mortality of these substance use-related infections.
 ...
PMID:Health services for HIV/AIDS, HCV, and sexually transmitted infections in substance abuse treatment programs. 1763 46

Patterns of comorbidity among persons with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are not well described. We compared comorbidity among veterans with and without HIV infection. The sample consisted of 33,420 HIV-infected veterans and 66,840 HIV-uninfected veterans. We identified and clustered 11 comorbid conditions using validated International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes. We defined multimorbidity as the presence of conditions in all clusters. Models restricted to HIV-infected veterans were adjusted for CD4 cell count and viral load. Comorbidity was common (prevalence, 60%-63%), and prevalence varied by HIV status. Differences remained when the veterans were stratified by age. In multivariable analyses, older HIV-infected veterans were more likely to have substance use disorder and multimorbidity. Renal, vascular, and pulmonary diseases were associated with CD4 cell count <200 cells/mm(3); hypertension was associated with CD4 cell count >200 cells/mm(3). Comorbidity is the rule, and multimorbidity is common among veterans with HIV infection. Patterns of comorbidity differ substantially by HIV status, age, and HIV severity. Primary care guidelines require adaptation for persons with HIV infection.
 ...
PMID:Aging and infectious diseases: do patterns of comorbidity vary by HIV status, age, and HIV severity? 1819 Mar 22

Substance abuse treatment is associated with decreases in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) risk behavior and can improve HIV outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with substance abuse treatment utilization, including patient-provider discussions of substance use issues. We surveyed 951 HIV-infected adults receiving care at 14 HIV Research Network primary care sites regarding drug and alcohol use, substance abuse treatment, and provider discussions of substance use issues. Although 71% reported substance use, only 24% reported receiving substance abuse treatment and less than half reported discussing substance use issues with their HIV providers. In adjusted logistic regression models, receipt of substance abuse treatment was associated with patient-provider discussions. Patient-provider discussions of substance use issues were associated with current drug use, hazardous or binge drinking, and Black race or ethnicity, though substance use was comparable between Blacks and Whites. These data suggest potential opportunities for improving engagement in substance abuse treatment services.
 ...
PMID:Substance abuse treatment in human immunodeficiency virus: the role of patient-provider discussions. 1832 22


<< Previous 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>