Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Since the original description of oral hairy leukoplakia among homosexual men in San Francisco in 1984, this white lesion of the tongue has been seen in the mouths of persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide. Its presence in HIV-positive persons usually but not always indicates fairly rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. Although the lesion appears to be common in HIV-positive persons, it is also, albeit rarely, seen in other conditions associated with immunosuppression. Epstein-Barr virus is associated with and presumably causes hairy leukoplakia, and the lesion offers insights into the biology of this ubiquitous DNA-oncogenic virus.
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PMID:Significance of oral hairy leukoplakia. 131 89

Prevention and treatment of oral disease is required to maintain quality of life and to improve prognosis of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Management requires a team approach, and close collaboration with the appropriate responsible physicians and other health care workers is necessary. Oral infection is frequent and usually opportunistic, and management is based on certain principles. Infections may disseminate and can be persistent and severe; multiple concurrent or consecutive infections with different microorganisms are frequent; fungal, viral, and parasitic infections are rarely curable; and long-term antimicrobial therapy may be required. This article reviews the management of oral candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, and infections with herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and cytomegalovirus. The management of Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphomas, aphthous ulceration, gangrenous stomatitis, bleeding, xerostomia, and adverse drug reactions is also described. Treatment should avoid further immunosuppression and inducement of xerostomia or caries, and should be designed to avoid adverse drug reactions and possible drug interactions.
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PMID:Management of oral health in persons with HIV infection. 131 92

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been implicated in the genesis of oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL). Initially, OHL was also associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) as evidenced by staining with antiserum to papillomavirus common structural antigens and reports of two HPV-positive OHL as detected by in situ DNA hybridization. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of EBV and HPV DNA in OHL and normal oral mucosa and to explain the basis for the staining of OHL tissues with antibodies to papillomavirus common structural antigens. EBV DNA was detected by in situ hybridization in 47 of 47 cases of OHL from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive individuals and in 1 of 10 biopsies of clinically normal buccal mucosa from the same group of individuals. Twenty-five of 35 OHL specimens stained with antibody to papillomavirus common structural antigens. There was no staining of two EBV-containing lymphoblastoid lines, indicating that the staining with anti-papillomavirus antibody was not due to antigenic cross-reactivity with EBV antigens. HPV DNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction amplification in 10 of 18 OHL specimens and in 6 of 10 normal buccal mucosa specimens. Our results indicate that EBV and HPV are present frequently in OHL and that HPV can be found regularly in histologically normal mucosa.
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PMID:Prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus and human papillomavirus in oral mucosa of HIV-infected patients. 131 79

Epstein-Barr virus DNA was analyzed from specimens of hairy leukoplakia, an oral lesion that occurs in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The simultaneous presence of both type 1 and type 2 Epstein-Barr virus was demonstrated by Southern blot analysis and polymerase chain reaction assay. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms in the BamHI WYH region and in clones of the EcoRI C region suggested the presence of multiple strains of type 1 and type 2 viruses. The demonstration of multiple variably sized BamHI H fragments on Southern blot analysis and cloning of the EBNA-2 gene coding region also suggested the presence of multiple viral strains or variants coinfecting hairy leukoplakia. Recombination of the viral genome in and around the EBNA-2 gene apparently generated viral variants that replicated efficiently, one of which appeared to increase in abundance in a lesion over time. These data indicate that hairy leukoplakia involves coinfection with multiple strains of replicating Epstein-Barr virus and the endogenous generation of viral variants, some of which have mutations of the EBNA-2 gene.
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PMID:Coinfection with multiple strains of the Epstein-Barr virus in human immunodeficiency virus-associated hairy leukoplakia. 132 43

Oral hairy leukoplakia is almost only described in patients infected by the human immunodeficiency virus. Epstein-Barr virus, sometimes associated with human papillomavirus, is always involved in the occurrence of these lesions. We have investigated two cases of oral hairy leukoplakia with the goal of detecting EBV and HPV by using both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. EBV genome was detected with biotinylated BamHI W cDNA probe in the two cases. Furthermore, EBV was found to be in lytic phase as demonstrated by the strong signal observed with FITC-labelled anti-sense BHLF1 oligonucleotide probes. This finding was further supported by the absence of labelling with EBV-latent-cycle markers such as EBER1/2 oligoprobes and anti-latent membrane protein 1 antibody. In addition, these two cases were positive for HPV genomes: 31-33-51 (n = 1) and 31-33-51 plus 6-11 (n = 1) as detected by in situ hybridization using different sets of biotinylated probes. The signal obtained with in situ hybridization (both HPV and EBV) was localized to the upper layers of epithelial cells. The mechanism of oral hairy leukoplakia remains still unknown, but this work emphasizes the value of in situ hybridization with nonisotopic probes in the detection of viral nucleic acids on routinely processed tissue sections. The fact that these lesions seem to precede the AIDS phase emphasizes the clinical implications of this diagnosis in HIV infected patients.
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PMID:[Simultaneous detection by non-isotopic in situ hybridization of human papilloma viruses and Epstein-Barr virus during the lytic cycle in oral hairy leukoplakia lesions]. 133 83

Oral manifestations of HIV infection in children include oral candidiasis, herpetic stomatitis, oral hairy leukoplakia, parotid gland swelling, and other bacterial, viral and mycotic infections. The frequency and natural history of those disorders are not fully defined. The purpose of this work is to inform the oral findings in 57 HIV infected children studied at the Hospital Infantil de Mexico. All 57 patients presented nonspecific gingivitis; however it was not feasible to associate it with the HIV infection; in 28 oral candidiasis was observed, and in 3 cases herpetic stomatitis was documented. Oral candidiasis was found regardless the patient's sex, age, clinical stage, treatment, and mode of transmission of the HIV infection. It has been considered that oral candidiasis is a good marker of immunodeficiency; however, in our patients this correlation was not observed. Also, other HIV-associated oral manifestations were not observed in these cases. The severity and rapid clinical course presented by our patients, may explain both, the lack of correlation between candidiasis and immunodeficiency as well as the absence of other lesions.
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PMID:[Oral manifestations in HIV positive children]. 138 84

Oral hairy leukoplakia occurs mainly on the tongue of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. An HIV-infected patient with hairy leukoplakia involving the tongue and buccal mucosa was studied by light and electron microscopic methods, in situ hybridization, and polymerase chain reaction. Our findings indicate that hairy leukoplakia may involve the buccal mucosa and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of white oral lesions in HIV-positive patients. Epstein-Barr virus particles were found in the epithelial cells of both buccal and tongue mucosa.
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PMID:Hairy leukoplakia with involvement of the buccal mucosa. 146 45

Cutaneous manifestations are common in patients infected with HIV and tend to be more frequent as immunodeficiency progresses. It remains, however, unclear which or how many with HIV-1 infection will develop skin disease. This paper presents and describes the commonly reported skin diseases occurring in people with HIV-1 infection. Observed infections include herpes zoster, herpes simplex, chancroid, syphilis, condylomata acuminata, oral hairy leukoplakia, molluscum contagiosum, candidiasis, bacterial infections, dermatophytosis, and scabies. Noninfective conditions such as pruritic papular eruption, seborrhoeic dermatitis, psoriasis, and others may also present. Regarding disease etiology, a transient maculopapular rash may present in the initial stage of HIV infection. Seborrhoeic dermatitis, persistent genital ulcer disease, pruritic papular eruption, and/or a variety of scaling dermatoses may then be observed during the otherwise asymptomatic phase. Kaposi's sarcoma is the most frequent skin tumor associated with HIV disease. It is also observed that skin manifestations of adverse reactions to drugs occur more frequently in patients with HIV disease than in immunocompetent patients. In closing, most skin diseases associated with HIV disease respond well to standard treatment regimens. Relapses and/or recurrences are, however, frequent among these patients.
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PMID:Cutaneous findings associated with HIV disease including AIDS: experience from Sub Saharan Africa. 149 76

Hairy leukoplakia was first described as an oral marker of human immunodeficiency virus infection in 1984. The clinical significance of this lesion in an otherwise healthy, high-risk symptom-free person is that it can be an early manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Because of its benign nature and the lack of clinical evidence that treatment of the lesion improves the prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients, systemic therapy with antiviral drugs does not seem warranted at this time. Topical retinoids (Retin-A sol) and systemic antivirals such as acyclovir have been previously tried; however, lesions tend to recur a few days after treatment is discontinued. Nine patients with oral hairy leukoplakia seen at the Oral Medicine Clinic, University of California San Francisco were offered treatment with podophyllum resin 25% sol. All patients had a complete remission of their condition within 1 week (5 patients) or after the second application a week later (4 patients). Side effects were transient and reversible. These remissions of oral hairy leukoplakia lasted from 2 to 28 weeks, which suggests that podophyllum may be a relatively safe and cost-effective treatment of this otherwise symptom-free lesion.
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PMID:Retrospective findings of the clinical benefits of podophyllum resin 25% sol on hairy leukoplakia. Clinical results in nine patients. 151 42

This study correlates the prevalent oral disease findings in 390 patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with their level of staging (Walter Reed) and depletion of peripheral helper T lymphocytes (CD4+). Chronic lymphadenopathy of the head and neck was a common finding (59.2%) that occurred early in staging progression and did not correlate with depression of helper T-cell levels. Of the three prevalent oral disease findings (oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), candidiasis, necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis [NUG]) only OHL and NUG were significantly correlated with helper T-cell depletion. The occurrence of visually detectable OHL and NUG corresponds to depletion of peripheral helper T-lymphocyte values in a range of 157 to 299 cells/mm3. This range may represent a more accurate value for biologically significant lymphocyte depletion than the Walter Reed value of 400 cells/mm3. The presence of OHL showed a weak statistical correlation with staging progression, indicating deteriorating immunoregulation. No cases of Kaposi's sarcoma or other HIV-1-associated oral diseases were observed in the sample population, regardless of the patient's staging category or peripheral helper T-lymphocyte count.
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PMID:Correlation of oral disease with the Walter Reed staging scheme for HIV-1-seropositive patients. 153 56


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