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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Reported data on the isolation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) from tears are controversial. The purpose of the study was to try to isolate HIV-1 from tears in a large sample of HIV-1-positive patients at different stages of infection. 53 tear samples were obtained from 50 patients. Additionally isolation of HIV-1 from peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was attempted. HIV-1 was isolated from none (= 0%) of the 53 tear samples. Isolation from PBL was successful depending on absolute CD4+ lymphocyte count and Walter Reed staging (Walter Reed stage 6: 83%; stage 2 to 5: 11%; p less than 0.0001). Treatment with zidovudine was not related to the frequency of HIV-1 isolation. These results suggest that tears of patients infected with HIV-1 contain low or no quantities of tissue-culture-infectious units of HIV-1. Nosocomial infection with HIV-1 from tears appears to be unlikely. The known precautions for the prevention of spread of viral disease in ophthalmological practice are sufficient and should be strictly followed.
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PMID:[Differences in detectability of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in tears and blood lymphocytes]. 138 1

The emergence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome as a new and devastating communicable disease has led to concern among health care workers as to their risk of acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the workplace. Centres for Disease Control, and Health and Welfare Canada guidelines seek to prevent HIV transmission through modification of work practices. A study was performed in the authors' institution to quantitate health care worker compliance with such practice modifications as outlined in the researchers' institutional infection control procedures and to evaluate administrative and engineering controls related to this policy. An infection control program to educate health care workers and modify practices was being implemented prior to commencement of this study. Three areas were studied: emergency room, dental clinic and plastic surgery clinic. Adherence to established procedures was judged as compliant, noncompliant and interpretive compliant. Of 806 observations made on 24 health care workers in the three areas, 31.3% were compliant, 28% were noncompliant and 40.7% were interpretive complaint. The most serious non-compliance was noted in handling and disposal of needles. Use of gloves, eyewear, gowns or masks varied among the three sites. Administrative and engineering controls were lacking for eyewear, gowns, puncture-resistant containers and a written policy in some sites. The lack of compliance with institutional infection control procedures needs to be confirmed in other institutions. If there is generalized compliance failure, then a re-evaluation of the present strategies to reduce risk of HIV infection in health care workers is essential.
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PMID:Survey of infection control precautions: a comparison to recommended guidelines. 152 82

At the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), educational activities concerning acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are directed to many target audiences; important among these are health care and public safety workers. Several CDC programs are designed to address the specific education and training needs of these groups. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has developed a set of occupational safety guidelines directed to fire service personnel, emergency medical technicians, paramedics, and law enforcement and correctional facility personnel. These guidelines provide information on modes of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the workplace, the risk of transmission, the control of risk, and specific risk-control recommendations. NIOSH also has developed a model curriculum, based on the principles and practices discussed in the guidelines, for use in training workers. The Hospital Infections Program (HIP) at CDC's National Center for Infectious Diseases is responsible for assessing the risk of HIV infection for both health care workers and patients. As part of this effort, HIP has developed guidelines to prevent transmission of HIV and other bloodborne pathogens in health care settings, as well as statements regarding management of occupational exposure to HIV. The Public Health Practice Program Office provides laboratory training to health care workers who are performing HIV- and AIDS-related testing. This training is delivered through the National Laboratory Training Network and through courses given at CDC headquarters in Atlanta. The delivery of laboratory training is supported by the development of training materials and by performance evaluation programs.
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PMID:HIV safety guidelines and laboratory training. NIOSH. 165 23

The risk of transmission of infection within the dental workplace is low, but recent data have indicated that human immunodeficiency virus transmission between dentist and patient can occur, and that while nosocomial transmission of hepatitis B virus is now less likely, a small but significant number of staff may be at risk of hepatitis C virus and varicella zoster virus infection during dental treatment. Despite these continued risks, shortcomings remain in cross-infection control in the dental workplace. Dental clinicians still fail to take adequate steps to minimize nosocomial infection, inconsistently using appropriate methods of sterilization and not providing ancillary staff with suitable protective clothing. Similarly, although vaccinated against hepatitis B virus, a substantial number of clinicians are reluctant to treat hepatitis B virus- or human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Cross-infection control procedures continue to be modified. Of importance, it has been confirmed that protective rubber gloves cannot be reused, as micropunctures develop during rewashing. Sharps injuries are common in dental practice, but there are still no effective measures to prevent postinjury human immunodeficiency virus or hepatitis C virus infection. Instrument sterilization is generally safe and effective, but the contamination of dental unit water supplies remains to be overcome, and while impressions can be placed in disinfectants for up to 1 hour without significant dimensional change, it is not known if infectious agents within the impression material are inactivated by this procedure.
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PMID:Infection control in dentistry. 166 10

The aetiology of two outbreaks of diarrhoea in pre-term neonates (March-August; September, 1987), at Kenyatta National Hospital was studied. The first outbreak involved 98 neonates and enteropathogenic E. coli of different serotypes were the most commonly isolated agents (54%), with serotype 086a:K61 dominating. These were followed by Salmonella (16%) also of different groups, and then rotavirus (6%). Two campylobacter and two Shigella were isolated from four individual neonates. Mixed infections were mainly those of Salmonella and E. coli (5 cases). E. coli serotype 086 was found to be in circulation throughout the study period (March-August, 1987), whilst 044:0125 and 0128 circulated for a limited period. Salmonella and some strains of E. coli caused persistent diarrhoea despite antibiotic therapy. Nosocomial infections were found to play a role in subsequent diarrhoeas. In the second diarrhoea outbreak, again enteropathogenic E. coli and Salmonella were the most frequently isolated. However, in this outbreak, there was no single E. coli serotype revealed that some possessed plasmids of 120-160 megadalton. However, a search for human immunodeficiency viral antibodies in 120 stools produced negative results.
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PMID:Aetiology of diarrhoea in pre-term neonates at Kenyatta National Hospital nursery, Nairobi, Kenya. 219 78

A case is reported of acquired immunodeficiency, in whom operative intervention was performed. A series of problems of surgical and deontologic aspect are raised, which ought to be solved without inducing mental trauma to the patients. Paralleling this, measures should be taken, to reduce to a minimum the risk of nosocomial infection to the medical staff.
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PMID:[AIDS patients--the surgical and deontological problems]. 228 75

Thirty patients who had hemophilia and were seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus were evaluated. The preoperative CD4 lymphocyte count was decreased to an average of 336 x 10(9) per liter (range, 27 to 708 x 10(9) per liter). After twenty-six orthopaedic operations in patients who had no previous bacterial infection, a nosocomial infection (cellulitis in the forearm, at the site of an intravenous catheter) developed in only one patient, but five patients had an abnormal postoperative fever that was not accompanied by the expected increase in the white blood-cell count. The preoperative CD4 lymphocyte count was significantly reduced in the patients who had an abnormal elevation in body temperature (p less than 0.004). The functional result or outcome after operation was similar to that in hemophilic patients treated before 1982. Subsequent progression of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus, as determined by the CD4 lymphocyte count and the Walter Reed classification system, occurred in most patients. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was diagnosed in six patients. A more rapid progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was seen in the patients who had a lower CD4 lymphocyte count preoperatively. Preoperative evaluation of the CD4 lymphocyte count and the response to intradermal skin-test antigens in patients who are at risk for infection postoperatively provides additional information concerning immunological competence. With these data, the possible risk of infection in patients who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus can be estimated more accurately.
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PMID:Orthopaedic procedures and prognosis in hemophilic patients who are seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus. 229 69

Personnel working in obstetric and gynecologic settings have long recognized their increased risks for infection with the hepatitis B virus and many have been immunized with hepatitis B vaccine. Staphylococcus aureus cross-transmission among neonates in newborn nurseries in the 1950s was a major impetus for the development of hospital infection control programs. In recent years, however, it is concerns about infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that have caused health care workers and hospitals to rethink traditional infection risk reduction strategies and change them. This article describes infection risks peculiar to obstetric, gynecologic, and neonatal settings and presents practical approaches for reducing these risks, both for patients and for health care workers.
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PMID:Infection prevention and control for HIV and other infectious agents in obstetric, gynecologic and neonatal settings. 236 28

We have prospectively followed for 9-12 months, 246 female health care workers (HCWs): 102 with high exposure (HE), 43 with low exposure (LE), and 101 with no exposure (NE) to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients. No HCWs have clinical, serologic, or immunologic evidence of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) infection. No HCWs in the HE group seroconverted to cytomegalovirus (CMV). One HCW in the HE group seroconverted to Hepatitis B virus (HBV), another HCW in the HE group seroconverted to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) although all three groups were similar with respect to HBV and HSV-2 seropositivity. If hospital infection control practices are employed when HCWs care for AIDS patients or work with their biological specimens, the risk of occupationally acquiring a HIV, CMV, HBV or HSV-2 infection appears to be low.
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PMID:Occupational risk of HIV, HBV and HSV-2 infections in health care personnel caring for AIDS patients. 282 Feb 52

The most frequent agents of pneumonia acquired by children in the hospital are viruses. The characteristics of these nosocomial viral agents differ appreciably from the more classical bacterial nosocomial infections. The viral agents tend to be more contagious, with normal children being as susceptible as the predisposed, high-risk child. The epidemiology of these hospital-acquired infections tends to mimic the patterns of activity of the respiratory viruses in the community. The major causes of nosocomial pneumonia in children are, therefore, the epidemic respiratory viruses--respiratory syncytial virus, the influenza viruses, and the parainfluenza viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus is the most important and frequent of these, causing nosocomial infection in up to 45% of the contact children on infant-toddler wards during community outbreaks. About half of the nosocomial infections involve the lower respiratory tract in these young children. Severe and fatal disease is most likely to occur in neonates and children with underlying cardiac, pulmonary, and immunodeficiency disease. The frequency of lower respiratory tract involvement and nosocomial influenza and parainfluenza viral infections is less, but may pose a serious threat in nurseries and to certain groups of compromised children. The potential hazard of these viral agents on pediatric wards is heightened by the fact that they are frequently not recognized, the incentive and facilities for their diagnosis are often limited, and clinically they may mimic bacterial disease. The source of the nosocomial infections, which may be trivial illnesses in personnel or other patients, may not be suspected, and limiting the spread is difficult.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Hospital-acquired pneumonia in children: the role of respiratory viruses. 282 78


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