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Query: UMLS:C0021051 (immunodeficiency)
 71,517 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fourteen patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) were studied. The common clinical manifestations were recurrent sore throat, sinusitis, respiratory infections, diarrhea, and malnutrition. All had low IgG, with normal cell-mediated immunity. Treatment with immunoglobulin and/or plasma was effective in most of them. There were no severe adverse events with the therapy.
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PMID:Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) in northern India. 761 12

Human milk has been considered only recently as a source of transmission for the human immunodeficiency virus. The estimated postnatal transmission rate from mothers who acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection while lactating is 26% (95% confidence interval 13% to 39%) and may be in the range of 8% to 18% from mothers who were infected before becoming pregnant. Risk factors for postnatal transmission include maternal immune deficiency and the presence of human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells in milk. Some milk factors may be protective against postnatal transmission such as specific immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin M and a molecule able to inhibit the binding of human immunodeficiency virus to CD4. In addition to its safety and its birth-spacing properties, breast-feeding provides immunologic protection and an ideal nutritional content to the infant. In a poor hygienic environment artificial feeding dramatically increases morbidity and mortality from diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections. Consequently, according to our current knowledge the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund reasonably recommend continuing breast-feeding promotion in women living in settings where infectious diseases and malnutrition are the primary causes of infant deaths such as in many developing countries. In settings where infectious diseases and malnutrition are not the primary causes of infant deaths, such as in most of the settings in the developed world, the advisory group recommends against breast-feeding for mothers with proved human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection.
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PMID:Postnatal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1: the breast-feeding dilemma. 764 25

Although malnutrition and wasting are known features of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, their incidence and possible association with immunologic impairment are largely unknown, as is the prognostic value of the nutritional state. Nutritional, clinical, and immunologic parameters were measured in 100 outpatients in different stages of HIV infection. In addition, 39 patients with AIDS were prospectively followed for a mean period of 343 (range, 53-650) days. Sixty-three percent of the patients showed evidence of malnutrition, 21% suffered from wasting. A reduced body cell mass and decreased serum albumin levels were observed in 32 and 14%, respectively, predominantly in more advanced disease stages. Fourteen of 39 AIDS patients died after a mean survival of 212 days. Survivors showed significantly larger initial body cell mass values and higher initial serum albumin levels compared with nonsurvivors, whereas CD4+ lymphocyte counts, disease complications, and medication were all similar in both groups. Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed a significantly prolonged survival in patients with a body cell mass > 30% of body weight or serum albumin levels exceeding 30 g/L. Factor analyses indicated that the parameters of nutritional state were independent from each other and from CD4+ lymphocyte counts. Malnutrition occurs frequently during HIV infection and increases with disease progress. It strongly predicts patient survival independent of CD4+ lymphocyte counts.
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PMID:Incidence and prognostic value of malnutrition and wasting in human immunodeficiency virus-infected outpatients. 785 35

The immune system is impaired by either malnutrition or human immunodeficiency virus infection. When these occur together, their compounding effects promote altered metabolism, inadequate intake, and malabsorption, which further impair immune function and contribute to human immunodeficiency virus wasting. Careful dietary management can help meet nutritional needs without further compromising the immune status of the person living with acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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PMID:AIDS and malnutrition: dual assaults on the body. 786 Mar 43

Plasma concentrations of 21 amino acids were determined for 20 control subjects and 20 subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV). Compared with the control subjects, the HIV-infected group had lower cystine, tryptophan, and methionine (decreased 67%, 52%, and 32%, respectively, P < 0.001 for each) and increased taurine (230%, P < 0.001) and lysine concentrations (30%, P < 0.001). Other amino acid concentrations changed modestly. Amounts of cystine, tryptophan, methionine, taurine, and lysine did not differ significantly between subgroups of HIV-infected subjects with > 200 (n = 6) or < 200 (n = 14) CD4+ lymphocytes per microliter, suggesting that the concentrations decrease soon after infection and change little thereafter. Activation of metabolism of cystine to taurine may explain reciprocal changes in these amino acids and known depletion of cystine and glutathione. The selective changes in amino acid profiles observed during HIV infection differ from those recognized for malnutrition or other pathological processes.
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PMID:Changes in plasma amino acid concentrations in response to HIV-1 infection. 790 26

A retrospective analysis was done on the diagnosis of typhoid fever based on clinical symptoms and available laboratory data over the last 16 years from rural areas of four African countries. This analysis concentrated on the reliability of diagnosis without cultures which cannot be performed in most rural hospitals due to lack of the necessary expertise and equipment. The analysis showed the problem to be increasing perhaps because of interaction of salmonella infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), malnutrition and other infections together with neglected sanitary facilities and lack of clean water. The use of certain cardinal clinical symptoms combined with available laboratory tests were shown to enhance the diagnosis of typhoid fever, especially in vulnerable persons. In conclusion the paper suggests that using the approach followed to obtain this data in rural tropical areas one can confidently make a diagnosis of typhoid fever.
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PMID:Typhoid fever: a review of its impact and diagnostic problems. 795 66

In view of the potential roles of intestinal immunodeficiency and hypersensitivity in the infection/diarrhea/malnutrition cycle, we need a safe and ethical method to study intestinal immunity of children in the developing world. Work in adults has shown that the fluid obtained by whole-gut lavage (WGLF), essentially a gut perfusate, can be used to assess intestinal immunity, inflammation, and gut losses of protein and blood. Gut lavage was successfully performed in 24 of 25 "normal" children aged 6-9 years, from Freetown, Sierra Leone, with parental informed consent. WGLF was treated with protease inhibitors, stored at -20 degrees C, and transferred to Edinburgh for laboratory studies. These showed that no child had occult blood loss but four had evidence of protein-losing enteropathy. Compared with values for Scottish adults, WGLF from the Sierra Leonean children had significantly higher concentrations of IgA and IgM and of IgA and IgM antibodies to dietary antigens and to Salmonella typhi lipopolysaccharide. In three children, very low levels of IgA and IgA antibody were present: Two of these were the only cases with detectable sIL2R in lavage fluid, indirect evidence of intestinal T cell activation; tumor necrosis factor was not detectable. Substantial information on childrens' intestinal immunity can be obtained by the method described.
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PMID:Use of whole-gut lavage to measure intestinal immunity in healthy Sierra Leonean children. 796 57

As well as being related to the spread of the tumour, cancer patients present a state of immunodeficiency which is linked to age, malnutrition which is often present, particular in cases of cancer of the gastroenteric tract, surgery and the possibility of associated chemo- or radiotherapy. The authors studied two groups of 25 patients with colorectal cancer. In addition to antibiotic prophylaxis, group A received immunostimulating therapy with thymopentin-TP5. Group B was treated with antibiotic therapy alone. Cell-mediated immunity was checked preoperatively and after 15 days on the basis of skin reaction to 7 booster antigens (Multitest-IMC). Strictly surgical infective complications were more frequent in group B patients (28.1%) receiving antibiotic treatment alone compared to subjects in group A (21.6%). Infections in a non-surgical site were more than double in the absence of perioperative immune therapy. Of the 25 patients examined in group A, 3-4 postoperative infections and as many long-distance infections were reported, all of which resolved without sequelae within a few days. There was a greater and faster recovery of body weight in those subjects receiving thymopentin treatment in addition to antibiotic therapy. In colorectal cancer surgery antibiotic prophylaxis alone is without doubt a valid surgical antisepsis but, above all in hypoergic patients, it is significantly enhanced by perioperative treatment with thymopentin. This association reduces both postoperative infectious complications, in particular postoperative abdominal abscess, and infections in other areas, such as respiratory complications.
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PMID:[Prevention of immunodeficiency and postoperative infective complications in patients undergoing surgical resection for carcinoma of the colon-rectum. Clinical study on 50 cases, using thymus hormones and thymopentin in particular]. 797 63

In man, as well as in many species of vertebrates there exist several populations of Giardia duodenalis group which, though morphologically indistinguishable, show different level of heterogenicity in several characteristics, a.o. in surface antigens, isoenzyme make-up, RFLP, invasiveness for different hosts or pattern of experimental infection. Also the clinical observations in man distinctly suggested that G. intestinalis comprises several different populations. In the course of giardiasis apparent variability in clinical manifestations can be observed. In many patients the infection is symptomless and resolves spontaneously and in some others--variable intensity of symptoms is observed. Most likely both the parasite's characteristics and the host's feature will determine the clinical character of infection. It is well known that in some cases it is the host that responsible for the symptoms of the infection. Thus, for instance, clinical giardiasis links with immunodeficiency, malnutrition or young age. There are also evidences that some Giardia isolates have enhanced potency to provoke the disease of the host. It is considered that the variable pattern of the infection may be related to three different factors in host-parasite relationship: extra- and intrapopulation variability of Giardia isolates, the microenvironmental factors of the host's intestine, and the variable immune response of the host. The author describes data on the two first factors.
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PMID:[Giardia-host relationship: variation of infection pattern]. 802 3

A prospective study of delayed hypersensitivity was carried out in 63 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients of good nutritional status and 63 healthy controls over a period of 3 years. Delayed hypersensitivity was assessed by application of Multi-test which involves synchronous multiple puncture testing with seven antigens. Subjects were classified in three groups: Immunocompetent, Relatively anergic and Anergic. Logistic regression analysis was applied. The patients had lower mean scores for skin reactions to all tested antigens with the widest differences observed for Trichophyton. The average number of positive reactions was lower for patients than controls; there were no anergic subjects among the controls and the differences between patients and controls were statistically significant. Patients with early disease (Dukes' A and B), had lower scores for all seven antigen reactions than controls, but higher than those with advanced disease. Differences between early stage cases and controls were not statistically significant for any antigen, nor for the total number of positive reactions or the total score. In the late stages of their disease patients with CRC and without malnutrition, or any other kind of acquired immunodeficiency, have impaired cellular immunity in comparison with normal controls.
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PMID:Cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity in patients with colorectal cancer: application of multi-test. 802


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